Single-vector type I vectors

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the production and use of Cas-encoding sequences and vectors comprising these. Aspects of the invention provide products, vectors, delivery vehicles, uses and methods for producing Cas-encoding sequences in bacterial or archaeal cells.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/201,736, filed Nov. 27, 2018 which claims priority to Great Britain Patent Application No. 1816700.7, filed Oct. 14, 2018, and Great Britain Patent Application No. 1817509.1, filed Oct. 27, 2018, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCII TEXT FILE

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 786212000602SEQLIST.TXT, date recorded: Feb. 10, 2021, size: 6 KB).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to the production and use of Cas-encoding sequences and vectors comprising these. Aspects of the invention provide products, vectors, delivery vehicles, uses and methods for producing Cas-encoding sequences in bacterial or archaeal cells.

BACKGROUND

The state of the art describes vectors and uses of these that employ CRISPR/Cas systems. For example, reference is made to WO2017/118598, US20180140698, US20170246221, US20180273940, US20160115488, US20180179547, US20170175142, US20160024510, US20150064138, US20170022499, US20160345578, US20180155729, US20180200342, WO2017112620, WO2018081502, PCT/EP2018/066954, PCT/EP2018/066980, PCT/EP2018/071454 and U.S. Ser. No. 15/985,658 and equivalent publications by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) or WIPO, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides the following configurations.

In a First Configuration

A nucleic acid vector for introduction into a host cell, the vector comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a Type I Cas3 and a second nucleotide sequence encoding one or more Cascade proteins, wherein the first and second sequences are under the control of one or more promoters comprised by the vector for expression of the proteins in the cell.

In an example, the vector comprises an operon for expression in the cell of the Cas3 and Cascade proteins from a Cas module, the module comprising the nucleotide sequences encoding the Cas3 and

Cascade proteins, and the operon comprising the Cas module under the control of a promoter for controlling the expression of both the Cas3 and Cascade proteins.

The invention also provides a delivery vehicle comprising the vector, as well as a pharmaceutical composition comprising the vector or vehicle and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier.

The invention also provides a method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition in a human or animal subject, the method comprising administering the vector, vehicle or composition to the subject, and introducing the vector into target host bacterial or archaeal cells in the subject (eg, in a gut microbiota, lung, eye or blood of the subject), wherein the Cas cuts (or otherwise modifies) one or more target sequences in the target cells and the cells are killed or growth or proliferation of the cells is reduced.

In a Second Configuration

A method of amplifying copies of a DNA encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a bacterial or archaeal production strain of cells, the method comprising

-   -   (a) Providing production strain cells, each cell comprising a         copy of said DNA, wherein each DNA comprises a nucleotide         sequence encoding said Cas, wherein the nucleotide sequence is         under the control of a promoter for controlling the expression         of the Cas in the production strain cell, the DNA comprising an         origin of replication that is operable in the cell for         replication of the DNA;     -   (b) Culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA, whereby         the DNA is amplified; and     -   (c) Optionally isolating copies of the DNA,     -   Optionally wherein the promoter is an attenuated constitutive         promoter.

In a Third Configuration

Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for enhancing the yield of amplified DNA produced by the production host cells.

In a Fourth Configuration

Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for reducing toxicity of the Cas in the production strain.

In a Fifth Configuration

Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for reducing mutation of the DNA (optionally the Cas-encoding sequence) in the production strain.

In a Sixth Configuration

Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for promoting production cell viability during the amplification of the DNA.

In a Seventh Configuration

Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for reducing the occurrence of Cas cutting of DNA.

In an Eighth Configuration

A method for enhancing the yield of amplified copies of a DNA construct in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter.

In a Ninth Configuration

A method for reducing toxicity of a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of a DNA construct, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the Cas and the sequence is under the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter.

In a Tenth Configuration

A method for reducing mutation of a DNA construct encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of the construct, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the Cas and the sequence is under the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter.

In an Eleventh Configuration

A method for promoting production cell viability of a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of a DNA construct comprised by the cells, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) and the sequence is under the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter.

In a twelfth Configuration A method for reducing the occurrence of Cas nuclease cutting of a DNA construct in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of the construct, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the Cas and the sequence is under the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C. Type I CRISPR-Cas system of C. difficile targeting E. coli MG1655. (FIG. 1A) Layout of the CRISPR Guided Vector™, CGV™. Plasmid 1: pSC101 ori, pBAD promoter (induced by arabinose), cas3 and cascade genes. Plasmid 2: pCloDF13 or pTac promoter (induced by IPTG), CRISPR array. (FIG. 1B) Dilution series (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) of E. coli MG1655 harboring the CGV on LB agar plates with and without inducers. (FIG. 1C) CRISPR induction killed 99.9% of the population (grey bar). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. CGV™ refers to a CRISPR Guided Vector™, which is a nucleic acid vector comprising nucleotide sequences encoding CRISPR/Cas components.

FIGS. 2A-2C. Type I CRISPR-Cas system of C. difficile targeting E. coli MG1655. (FIG. 2A) Layout of the CRISPR Guided Vector™, CGV™. pSC101 or pTac promoter (induced by IPTG), CRISPR array, pBAD promoter (induced by arabinose), cas3 and cascade genes. (FIG. 2B) Dilution series (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) of E. coli MG1655 harboring the CGV on SM agar plates with and without inducers. (FIG. 2C) CRISPR induction killed 99% of the population (grey bar). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. CGV™ refers to a CRISPR Guided Vector™, which is a nucleic acid vector comprising nucleotide sequences encoding CRISPR/Cas components.

FIGS. 3A-3B. Time-kill curves for E. coli MG1655 harboring the CGV. (FIG. 3A) CRISPR induction killed 99% of the population in 60 minutes (dashed line). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black lines. CRISPR/Cas was induced at time-point 0 and monitored until 120 minutes. (FIG. 3B) Dilution series (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) on SM agar plates of E. coli MG1655 after 60 minutes of induction.

FIGS. 4A-4B. Specific killing of E. coli MG1655 with type I-B CRISPR-Cas system of C. difficile in a synthetic microbial consortium. (FIG. 4A) Bacteria count of a synthetic population composed of three different strains. CRISPR was induced at time-point 0 and monitored for 60 minutes. Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. CRISPR induction prompted 1-log₁₀ reduction in viable cells of target strain E. coli MG1655, while leaving E. coli Top10 and L. lactis NZ9000 populations intact (dark grey bars). (FIG. 4B) Dilution series (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) of the bacterial community mixture after 60 minutes of induction. E. coli MG1655 grows selectively on BHI+streptomycin, E. coli Top10 on ampicillin, and L. lactis NZ9000 on chloramphenicol.

FIGS. 5A-5B. Killing of E. coli MG1655 with type I-B CRISPR-Cas system of C. difficile in a synthetic microbial consortium compared to a pure culture of E. coli MG1655. (FIG. 5A) CRISPR induction generated 4-log₁₀ reductions in viable cells of target strain E. coli MG1655, both in the pure culture and in the community mixture (grey bars). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. (FIG. 5B) Dilution series of a pure culture of E. coli MG1655 and the bacterial community mixture on streptomycin plates with and without inducers.

FIGS. 6A-6B. Type I CRISPR-Cas system of E. coli targeting E. coli MG1655. (FIG. 6A) Dilution series (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) of E. coli MG1655 harboring the CGV on SM agar plates with and without inducers. (FIG. 6B) CRISPR induction killed 99% of the population (grey bar). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. CGV™ refers to a CRISPR Guided Vector™ which is a nucleic acid vector comprising nucleotide sequences encoding CRISPR/Cas components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention relates to the production and use of Cas-encoding sequences and vectors comprising these. Aspects of the invention provide products, vectors, delivery vehicles, uses and methods for producing Cas-encoding sequences in bacterial or archaeal cells.

An aspect of the invention provides for the control of expression of Cas and optionally also Cascade proteins from single vectors, such as by regulated use of Cas modules in an operon and/or using attenuated promoters.

Concepts:

An aspect of the invention provides nucleic acid vectors that are useful for introducing into target host cells of any eukaryotic or prokaryotic species (eg, ex vivo or in vitro) for expressing Type I Cas and optionally other components of a Type I CRISPR/Cas system. Usefully, the vector may in some examples therefore provide a single-vector means for introducing a complete exogenous Type I CRISPR/Cas system into a target cell for modification (eg, cutting by Cas3) of DNA in the target cell. In an example, a chromosomal target sequence (ie, protospacer that is cognate with the Cas3) is modified. In another example, an episomal DNA sequence is modified, for example a plasmid sequence or a DNA that has been introduced into the cell. The latter may be useful in a recombineering method of the invention wherein exogenous DNA in the target cell is cut by the Cas3 and optionally this produces one or more recombinogenic ends for recombination of the cut DNA with a further DNA of interest, thereby producing a recombination product in the cell. For example, in such a recombineering method, the target cell is a recombinongenic E coli cell, eg, comprising a red/ET system. In another example, the target cell is an undesired cell (eg, a cell of a species or strain that is pathogenic to humans or animals, such as a bacterial disease-causing species or strain) and the cutting by Cas3 kills the cell. This may be useful for treating or preventing an infection in a human or animal harbouring target cells. The provision of single-vector means that express minimally a Cas endonuclease (eg, Cas3), cognate accessory proteins (eg, Cascade proteins) and at least one CRISPR array (or nucleotide sequence encoding a guide RNA (eg, a single guide RNA)), wherein the Cas, accessory proteins and array (or nucleotide sequence) comprise a functional CRISPR/Cas system is more convenient and the inventors believe more efficient for introducing into a target cell and effecting CRISPR/Cas modification of a target sequence therein than the use of 2 or 3 or more separate vectors (eg, a vector encoding the Cas nuclease and a different vector encoding the accessory proteins, and possibly a further vector comprising the array (or gRNA-encoding nucleotide sequence) which all need to transform the target cell for the system to function). This may provide one or more benefits, therefore, such as simplifying delivery (and thus the design of delivery vehicles), simplifying construction of the vector and vehicle and/or providing for better cutting or killing efficiencies. Conveniently, an example of the invention therefore uses an operon for the coordinated expression in the target cells of the Cas and accessory proteins (and optionally also the array or gRNA-encoding sequence(s)). Whilst not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the introduction of a single vector (eg, using an operon) as per the invention may advantageously coordinate the expression of the Cas and accessory proteins (and optionally production of cRNAs or gRNAs) so that these are available to operate together without undue delay in the target cell. This may be important to tip the balance between, on the one hand the target cell using its endogenous anti-restriction, endogenous Cas or other endogenous mechanisms that seek out and degrade invading phage and DNA, and on the other hand efficient cell killing or deactivation of such mechanisms by the invading CRISPR components of the vector of the invention. In such an arms race, concerted and early operation of the CRISPR components in the cell are likely to be important to gain the upper hand and effect cell killing. The invention provides means to assist this.

By way of example, the invention thus provides the following Concepts:—

-   1. A nucleic acid vector for introduction into a host cell, the     vector comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a Type I Cas3     and a second nucleotide sequence encoding one or more Cascade     proteins, wherein the first and second sequences are under the     control of one or more promoters comprised by the vector for     expression of the proteins in the cell. -   2. The vector of concept 1, wherein the vector comprises an operon     for expression in the cell of the Cas3 and Cascade proteins from a     Cas module, the module comprising the nucleotide sequences encoding     the Cas3 and Cascade proteins, and the operon comprising the Cas     module under the control of a promoter for controlling the     expression of both the Cas3 and Cascade proteins. -   3. The vector of concept 2, wherein     -   (a) the first sequence is between the promoter and the second         sequence in the operon;     -   (b) the operon comprises no Cas-encoding nucleotide sequences         between the promoter and the first nucleotide sequence; and/or     -   (c) the operon comprises (in 5′ to 3′ direction) the promoter,         the first sequence and the second sequence. -   4. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein each promoter is a     constitutive promoter. -   5. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 3, wherein the promoter is     repressible (optionally repressible by a tetracycline repressor or     lac repressor). -   6. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 3, wherein the promoter is     inducible. -   7. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the first sequence     is under the control of a medium strength promoter. -   8. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the first sequence     is under the control of a promoter that has an Anderson Score (AS)     of 0.5>AS>0.1. -   9. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the first sequence     (and optionally the second sequence) is under the control of a     promoter and translation initiation site (TIS) combination that is     capable of producing expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)     from a first expression operating unit (EOU) in E. coli strain     BW25113 cells with a fluorescence of from 0.5 to 4 times the     fluorescence produced in E. coli strain BW25113 cells using a second     EOU comprising a P10 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) combined with a BCD14     TIS (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein the EOUs differ only in their promoter     and TIS combinations, wherein each EOU comprises (in 5′ to 3′     direction) an upstream initiator, the respective promoter, the     respective TIS, a nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, a 3′ UTR, a     transcription terminator and a downstream insulator. -   10. The vector of concept 9, wherein fluorescence using the first     EOU is 0.5 to 2 times the fluorescence using the second EOU. -   11. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector     comprises an origin of replication that is operable in the host     cell. -   12. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector     comprises an origin of replication that is operable in a bacterial     cell of a vector production strain, wherein the Cas3 is not operable     in the production strain cell to target and cut a chromosomal     sequence thereof. -   13. The vector of concept 12, wherein the first sequence is under     the control of a promoter that is capable of controlling expression     of the Cas3 at a level that is not toxic to the production strain     cell. -   14. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector is a     high copy number vector. -   15. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the first     nucleotide sequence or operon is comprised by a mobile genetic     element. -   16. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector is     devoid of a Cas adaption module. -   17. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector is     devoid of nucleotide sequence encoding one, more or all of a Cas1,     Cast, Cas4, Cas6, Cas7 and Cas8. -   18. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas11, Cas7 and Cas8a1. -   19. The vector of concept 18, wherein the vector comprises     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3′ and/or Cas3″. -   20. The vector or concept 19, wherein the nucleotide sequences     encoding the Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ are between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in concept 18. -   21. The vector of any one of concepts 18 to 20, wherein the host     cell comprises a Type IA CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   22. The vector of any one of concepts 18 to 20, wherein the host     cell comprises an endogenous Type TB, C, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas     system. -   23. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8b1, Cas7 and Cas5. -   24. The vector of concept 23, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in concept 23. -   25. The vector of concept 23 or 24, wherein the host cell comprises     a Type IB CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   26. The vector of concept 23 or 24, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, C, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   27. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas5, Cas8c and Cas7. -   28. The vector of concept 27, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in concept 27. -   29. The vector of concept 27 or 28, wherein the host cell comprises     a Type IC CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   30. The vector of concept 27 or 28, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   31. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8U2, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. -   32. The vector of concept 31, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in concept 31. -   33. The vector of concept 31 or 32, wherein the host cell comprises     a Type IU CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   34. The vector of concept 31 or 32, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   35. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas10d, Cas7 and Cas5. -   36. The vector of concept 35, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3′ and/or Cas3″. -   37. The vector of concept 36, wherein the nucleotide sequences     encoding the Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ are between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in concept 35. -   38. The vector of any one of concepts 35 to 37, wherein the host     cell comprises a Type ID CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   39. The vector of any one of concepts 35 to 37, wherein the host     cell comprises an endogenous Type IA, B, C, U, E or F CRISPR/Cas     system. -   40. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8e, Cas11, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. -   41. The vector of concept 40, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in concept 40. -   42. The vector of concept 40 or 41, wherein the host cell comprises     a Type IE CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   43. The vector of concept 40 or 41, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, U or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   44. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8f, Cas5, Cas7 and Cas6f. -   45. The vector of concept 44, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in concept 44, wherein the vector is devoid of     nucleotide sequence encoding further Cas between the promoter and     the sequence encoding the Cas3. -   46. The vector of concept 44 or 45, wherein the host cell comprises     a Type IF CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   47. The vector of concept 44 or 45, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, U or E CRISPR/Cas system. -   48. The vector of any one of concepts 1 to 17, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are     -   (a) Type IA Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (b) Type IB Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (c) Type IC Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (d) Type ID Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (e) Type IE Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (f) Type IF Cas and Cascade proteins; or     -   (g) Type IU Cas and Cascade proteins. -   49. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the Cas and Cascade     are E coli (optionally Type IE or IF) Cas and Cascade proteins. -   50. The vector of concept 49, wherein the E coli is     ESBL-producing E. coli or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4. -   51. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the Cas and Cascade     are     -   (a) Clostridium (eg, C difficile) Cas and Cascade proteins,         optionally C difficile resistant to one or more antibiotics         selected from aminoglycosides, lincomycin, tetracyclines,         erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillins, cephalosporins and         fluoroquinolones;     -   (b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cas and Cascade proteins, optionally         P aeruginosa resistant to one or more antibiotics selected from         carbapenems, aminoglycosides, cefepime, ceftazidime,         fluoroquinolones, piperacillin and tazobactam; or     -   (c) Klebsiella pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella         pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing         K pneumoniae) Cas and Cascade proteins. -   52. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the Cas and Cascade     are E coli, C difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae, P furiosus or B     halodurans Cas and Cascade proteins. -   53. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the Cas3 is a Cas3     of a CRISPR/Cas locus of a first bacterial or archaeal species,     wherein the distance between the Cas3-encoding sequence of the locus     and its cognate promoter is further than the distance between the     Cas3-encoding sequence and the respective promoter comprised by the     vector. -   54. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the distance     between the promoter and the Cas3-encoding sequence and/or Cascade     protein-encoding sequence(s) is shorter than in a corresponding     wild-type Type I locus. -   55. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector     comprises (i) a CRISPR array for producing crRNAs in the host cell     and/or (ii) one or more nucleotide sequences encoding one or more     guide RNAs (gRNAs or single gRNAs), wherein the crRNAs or gRNAs are     cognate to the Cas3 (and optionally cognate to the Cascade     proteins). -   56. The vector of concept 55 when dependent from concept 2, wherein     the array or gRNA-encoding sequence(s) are comprised by the operon     and under the control of the promoter. -   57. The vector of concept 56, wherein the array or gRNA-encoding     sequence(s) are under the control of a promoter that is different     from the promoter that controls the expression of the Cas3. -   58. The vector of concept 56 or 57, wherein one or more of the     crRNAs or gRNAs comprises a spacer sequence that is capable of     hybridising to a target nucleotide sequence of the host cell,     wherein the target sequence is adjacent a PAM, the PAM being cognate     to the Cas3. -   59. The vector of concept 58, wherein the target sequence is a     chromosomal sequence of the host cell. -   60. The vector of concept 58 or 59, wherein the Cas3 is operable to     cut the target sequence. -   61. The vector of any preceding concept, wherein the vector is a     plasmid or phagemid. -   62. A delivery vehicle comprising the vector of any preceding     concept, wherein the delivery vehicle is capable of delivering the     vector into the host cell. -   63. The vehicle of concept 62, wherein the delivery vehicle is a     phage, non-replicative transduction particle, nanoparticle carrier,     bacterium or liposome. -   64. The vector or vehicle of any preceding concept, wherein the host     cell is a bacterial or archaeal cell, optionally, the host cell is a     C difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant     Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase     (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae), E coli (eg, ESBL-producing E. coli,     or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4), H pylori, S pneumoniae or S aureus cell. -   65. The vector or vehicle of any preceding concept for     administration to a human or animal subject for treating or reducing     the risk of a disease or condition in the subject. -   66. The vector or vehicle of concept 65, wherein the disease or     condition is an infection of the subject with host cells (eg,     bacterial cells), or wherein the disease or condition is mediated by     host cells (eg, bacterial cells). -   67. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the vector or vehicle of     any preceding concept and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent,     excipient or carrier. -   68. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or     condition in a human or animal subject, the method comprising     administering the vector, vehicle or compostion of any preceding     concept to the subject, and introducing the vector into target host     bacterial or archaeal cells in the subject (eg, in a gut microbiota,     lung, eye or blood of the subject), wherein the Cas cuts (or     otherwise modifies) one or more target sequences in the target cells     and the cells are killed or growth or proliferation of the cells is     reduced. -   69. The method of concept 68, wherein the target cells are cells of     a disease pathogen species. -   70. The method of concept 68 or 69, wherein the targt cells are C     difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant     Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase     (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae), E coli (eg, ESBL-producing E. coli,     or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4), H pylori, S pneumoniae or S aureus cells.

EMBODIMENTS

An aspect of the invention provides improved ways of amplifying DNA constructs in bacterial and archaeal production strain cells. For example, the DNA may be a high copy number plasmid or phagemid comprising a constitutive promoter for controlling the expression of one or more Cas proteins when the DNA has been introduced into a target host bacterial or host cell. It is desirable, according to an aspect of the invention, to consider attenuating the promoter activity during amplification of the DNA in the production strain. This is useful, since the inventors have found that Cas expression in production strains may be toxic to production strain cells, thereby reducing the yield of amplified DNA. Toxicity may be due, for example, to off-target cutting of the production strain chromosomal DNA when the Cas is a nuclease (such as Cas9 or Cas3) and/or due to relatively high levels of expression of the Cas in the cells. Additionally or alternatively, undesirably the Cas expression or activity may impose a selective pressure that favours mutation and propagation of mutated DNA constructs (such as mutation in one more or all of a CRISPR/Cas operon, Cas-encoding gene, Cascade-encoding gene, CRISPR array and gRNa-encoding sequence of the DNA construct) in production cells, thereby reducing the yield of desired amplified constructs and imposing an undesired step of separating desired from mutated DNA constructs for further formulation into useful compositions. Such compositions may be pharmaceutical compositions, herbicides, pesticides, environmental remediation compositions etc. In one example, the promoter attenuation in production strains is achieved by using a medium strength (not high or low) promoter to control the Cas-encoding nucleotide sequence of the DNA constructs. A medium level of Cas expression may be tolerable in the production strains, and yet once the DNA is subsequently introduced into target host cells the Cas is expressed at sufficiently high levels to produce desired activity to modify (eg, cut) target sequences in target cells. In an alternative, the invention uses a repressible promoter, wherein the promoter is repressed in production strain, but not repressed in target host cells. For example, aspects of the invention use a tetracycline repressor (tetR) expressed in production strain cells that represses the promoter.

Thus, the yield can be enhanced by one or more of

-   -   (a) reducing toxicity of the Cas in the production strain;     -   (b) reducing mutation of the DNA (optionally the Cas-encoding         sequence) in the production strain;     -   (c) promoting production cell viability during the amplification         of the DNA; and     -   (d) reducing the occurrence of Cas cutting of DNA (optionally         cutting of production host cell chromosomal DNA or said DNA         construct).

To this end, the invention provides Embodiments as follows:—

-   1. A method of amplifying copies of a DNA encoding a functional Cas     protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a bacterial or archaeal     production strain of cells, the method comprising     -   (a) Providing production strain cells, each cell comprising a         copy of said DNA, wherein each DNA comprises a nucleotide         sequence encoding said Cas, wherein the nucleotide sequence is         under the control of a promoter for controlling the expression         of the Cas in the production strain cell, the DNA comprising an         origin of replication that is operable in the cell for         replication of the DNA;     -   (b) Culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA, whereby         the DNA is amplified; and     -   (c) Optionally isolating copies of the DNA, wherein the promoter         is an attenuated constitutive promoter.

In an example, promoter is a medium strength promoter. In another example, the promoter is repressed in the production strain cell. Hence, the promoter is an attenuated promoter in these examples.

-   2. Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a     nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a     Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method     of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or     archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing     the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA     in the cells, for enhancing the yield of amplified DNA produced by     the production host cells. -   3. The use of paragraph 2, wherein the use is for enhancing said     yield by     -   (a) reducing toxicity of the Cas in the production strain;     -   (b) reducing mutation of the DNA (optionally the Cas-encoding         sequence) in the production strain;     -   (c) promoting production cell viability during the amplification         of the DNA; and/or     -   (d) reducing the occurrence of Cas cutting of DNA (optionally         cutting of production host cell chromosomal DNA or said DNA         construct). -   4. Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a     nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a     Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method     of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or     archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing     the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA     in the cells, for reducing toxicity of the Cas in the production     strain. -   5. Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a     nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a     Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method     of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or     archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing     the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA     in the cells, for reducing mutation of the DNA (optionally the     Cas-encoding sequence) in the production strain. -   6. Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a     nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a     Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method     of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or     archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing     the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA     in the cells, for promoting production cell viability during the     amplification of the DNA. -   7. Use of an attenuated promoter in a DNA construct comprising a     nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a     Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the promoter, in a method     of amplifying copies of the DNA in a population of bacterial or     archaeal production strain cells, the method comprising culturing     the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA     in the cells, for reducing the occurrence of Cas cutting of DNA. -   8. A method for enhancing the yield of amplified copies of a DNA     construct in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain     cells, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence     encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that     is under the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing     the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA     in the cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter. -   9. A method for reducing toxicity of a functional Cas protein     (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a population of bacterial or archaeal     production strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of a DNA     construct, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence     encoding the Cas and the sequence is under the control of a     promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow     replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells,     wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter. -   10. A method for reducing mutation of a DNA construct encoding a     functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a population     of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a process of     amplifying copies of the construct, wherein the construct comprises     a nucleotide sequence encoding the Cas and the sequence is under the     control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to     allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the     cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter. -   11. A method for promoting production cell viability of a population     of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a process of     amplifying copies of a DNA construct comprised by the cells, wherein     the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional     Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) and the sequence is under     the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells     to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the     cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated promoter. -   12. A method for reducing the occurrence of Cas nuclease cutting of     a DNA construct in a population of bacterial or archaeal production     strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of the construct,     wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the     Cas and the sequence is under the control of a promoter, the method     comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA     thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an     attenuated promoter. -   13. The use of paragraph 5 or 7, or the method of paragraph 10 or     12, wherein the mutation or cutting is mutation or cutting of host     cell chromosomal DNA or the construct DNA. -   14. The method or use of any one of paragraphs 2 to 13, wherein the     promoter is a constitutive promoter. -   15. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein the     promoter is repressed in the production strain cells (optionally     repressed by a tetracycline repressor or a lac repressor). -   16. The method or use of paragraph 15, wherein the promoter is     P_(LtetO-1), P_(LlacO-1) or a repressible homologue thereof.

Other examples of suitable repressible promoters are Ptac (repressed by lad) and he Leftward promoter (pL) of phage lambda (which repressed by the λcI repressor). In an example, the promoter comprises a repressible operator (eg, tetO or lacO) fused to a promoter sequence. The corresponding repressor is encoded by a nucleic acid in the production strain (eg, a chromosomally-integrated sequence or a sequence comprised by an episome) and the repressor is expressed during the DNA or vector amplification method of the invention, whereby the promoter controlling Cas expression is repressed. In delivery vehicles that are subsequently produced from isolated amplified DNA/vector, the vehicle is devoid of an expressible nucleotide sequence encoding the repressor, whereby the promoter is functional when the DNA/vector is introduced into a target host cell. For example, in the absence of the repressor the promoter is consitutively ON for expression of the Cas. The system is therefore primed to work once the DNA/vector is introduced into the host cells, and this effect can be enhanced further by using a high copy number DNA/vector comprising an origin of replication that is operable in the host cell. A high copy number vector or DNA is also desirable in the production strain cells for enhancing yield of the DNA/vector, and by use of an attenuated promoter as described herein (eg, medium strength promoter and/or repressed promoter in the production strain cells) one can minimise Cas toxicity whilst culturing to maximise amplification and thus yield of the DNA/vector.

-   17. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein the     promoter is a medium strength promoter. -   18. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein the     promoter has an Anderson Score (AS) of 0.5>AS>0.1. -   19. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein the     nucleotide sequence encoding said Cas is under the control of a     promoter and translation initiation site (TIS) combination that is     capable of producing expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)     from a first expression operating unit (EOU) in E. coli strain     BW25113 cells with a fluorescence of from 0.5 to 4 times the     fluorescence produced in E. coli strain BW25113 cells using a second     EOU comprising a P10 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) combined with a BCD14     TIS (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein the EOUs differ only in their promoter     and TIS combinations, wherein each EOU comprises (in 5′ to 3′     direction) an upstream initiator, the respective promoter, the     respective TIS, a nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, a 3′ UTR, a     transcription terminator and a downstream insulator. -   20. The method or use of paragraph 19, wherein fluorescence using     the first EOU is 0.5 to 2 times the fluorescence using the second     EOU. -   21. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein the     nuclease is Cas3 and optionally the DNA or cell encodes cognate     Cascade proteins. -   22. The method or use of any one of paragraphs 1 to 20, wherein the     Cas is a Cas9. -   23. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein the     production strain cells comprise a helper phage genome that is     inducible to produce phage coat proteins in the cells, wherein the     method further comprises inducing production of the phage proteins     and causing packaging of the amplified DNA into phage particles or     non-self-replicative transduction particles, and further isolating     the phage or transduction particles and optionally formulating the     particles into a pharmaceutical composition for administration to a     human or animal subject for treating or reducing the risk of a     disease or condition in the subject. -   24. The method or use of paragraph 23, wherein the particles are     capable of infecting target host cells in the subject and     transducing the cells with the DNA, wherein the Cas and crRNAs (or     guide RNAs, gRNAs) encoded by the DNA are expressed in the cells,     the crRNAs or (gRNAs) being operable to guide the Cas to a target     nucleotide sequence (optionally a chromosomal sequence) comprised by     the cells, wherein the Cas cuts the target sequences in the cells,     thereby killing host cells and treating or reducing the risk of the     disease or condition. -   25. The method or use of paragraph 24, wherein the host cells are     bacterial or archaeal cells, optionally, the host cells are C     difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant     Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase     (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae), E coli (eg, ESBL-producing E. coli,     or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4), H pylori, S pneumoniae or S aureus cells. -   26. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein each DNA     is comprised by a high copy number plasmid or phagemid. -   27. The method or use of any preceding paragraph, wherein the DNA     construct comprises one or more nucleotide sequences for producing     crRNAs or gRNAs that are operable for Cas nuclease targeting in     target host cells.

PARAGRAPHS & GENERALLY APPLICABLE FEATURES

The invention provides the following Paragraphs, which are supported by the Examples below. Any features of the Concepts are combinable with any features of the Embodiments. Any features of the Concepts are combinable with any features of the Embodiments. Any features of the Paragraphs are combinable with any features of the Embodiments.

Any cell herein (eg, a production strain cell or target host cell) may be a bacterial cell, archaeal cell, algal cell, fungal cell, protozoan cell, invertebrate cell, vertebrate cell, fish cell, bird cell, mammal cell, companion animal cell, dog cell, cat cell, horse cell, mouse cell, rat cell, rabbit cell, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, human cell, animal cell, rodent cell, insect cell or plant cell. Preferably, the cell is a bacterial cell. Alternatively, the cell is a human cell. Optionally, the production strain cell(s) and target host cell(s) are of the same phylum, order, family, genus, species or strain.

-   1. A nucleic acid vector for introduction into a host cell, the     vector comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a Type I     Cas3, wherein the sequence is under the control of a promoter     comprised by the vector for expression of the Cas3 in the cell.

In an example, the vector is a DNA vector, eg, ssDNA vector or dsDNA vector.

-   2. The vector of paragraph 1, wherein the vector comprises a second     nucleotide sequence encoding one or more Cascade proteins, wherein     the first and second sequences are under the control of one or more     promoters comprised by the vector for expression of the proteins in     the cell. -   3. The vector of paragraph 2, wherein the Cascade protein(s) are     cognate with the Cas3.

In an example, the Cas3 is cognate with Cascade proteins encoded by the host cell and/or encoded by a second operon. Optionally, the second operon is comprised by the vector. Optionally, the second operon is comprised by a second vector that is capable of introducing the second operon into the host cell, whereby the Cas3 and Cascade proteins are expressed from the operons in the host cell and are operable with crRNA or gRNA to target the Cas to a host cell target sequence, wherein the Cas3 is capable of modifying the target sequence.

-   4. The vector of paragraph 2 or 3, wherein the vector comprises an     operon for expression in the cell of the Cas3 and Cascade proteins     from a Cas module, the module comprising the nucleotide sequences     encoding the Cas3 and Cascade proteins, and the operon comprising     the Cas module under the control of a promoter for controlling the     expression of both the Cas3 and Cascade proteins.

The term “operon” is known to the skilled person such as relating to a functioning unit of DNA containing at least expressible 2 nucleotide sequences respectively encoding for an expression product (eg, a respective translatable mRNA), wherein the sequences are under common promoter control.

-   5. The vector of paragraph 4, wherein the first sequence is between     the promoter and the second sequence in the operon. -   6. The vector of paragraph 4 or 5, wherein the operon comprises no     Cas-encoding nucleotide sequences between the promoter and the first     nucleotide sequence.

Optionally, the Cas3 is a Cas3 encoded by a CRISPR/Cas locus of a first bacterial or archaeal species, wherein in the locus the Cas3-encoding sequence is 3′ of Cascade protein-encoding sequences (ie, the latter are between the Cas3 and the 5′-most promoter of the locus).

Optionally, the Cas3 is a ygcB protein (eg, wherein the production strain cell and/or host target cell is an E coli).

Optionally, the Cascade proteins comprise or consist of

cas5 (casD, csy2)

cas6 (cas6f, cse3, casE)

cas7 (csc2, csy3, cse4, casC)

cas8 (casA, cas8a1, cas8b1, cas8c, cas10d, cas8e, cse1, cas8f, csy1).

Optionally herein the promoter and the Cas3-encoding sequence are spaced no more than 150, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 bp apart, eg, from 30-45, or 30-40, or 39 or around 39 bp apart.

Optionally herein a ribosome binding site and the Cas3-encoding sequence are spaced no more than

-   20, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4 or 3 bp apart, eg, from     10-5, 6 or around 6 bp apart. -   7. The vector of any one of paragraphs 4 to 6, wherein the operon     comprises (in 5′ to 3′ direction) the promoter, the first sequence     and the second sequence. -   8. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein each promoter is a     constitutive promoter. -   9. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the promoter     is repressible (optionally repressible by a tetracycline repressor     or lac repressor). -   10. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the promoter     is inducible. -   11. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the first     sequence is under the control of a weak promoter. -   12. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the first     sequence is under the control of a medium strength promoter. -   13. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the first     sequence is under the control of a strong promoter.

In an example, the promoter is in combination with a Shine-Dalgarno sequence comprising the sequence 5′-aaagaggagaaa-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a ribosome binding site homologue thereof.

-   14. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the first     sequence is under the control of a promoter that has an Anderson     Score (AS) of AS>0.5.

See Table 2 for more information on Anderson Scores in relation to promoters.

-   15. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the first     sequence is under the control of a promoter that has an Anderson     Score (AS) of 0.5>AS>0.1. -   16. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the first     sequence is under the control of a promoter that has an Anderson     Score (AS) of ≤0.1. -   17. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the first     sequence (and optionally the second sequence) is under the control     of a promoter and translation initiation site (TIS) combination that     is capable of producing expression of green fluorescent protein     (GFP) from a first expression operating unit (EOU) in E. coli strain     BW25113 cells with a fluorescence of from 0.5 to 4 times the     fluorescence produced in E. coli strain BW25113 cells using a second     EOU comprising a P10 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) combined with a BCD14     TIS (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein the EOUs differ only in their promoter     and TIS combinations, wherein each EOU comprises (in 5′ to 3′     direction) an upstream initiator, the respective promoter, the     respective TIS, a nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, a 3′ UTR, a     transcription terminator and a downstream insulator. -   18. The vector of paragraph 17, wherein fluorescence using the first     EOU is 0.5 to 2 times the fluorescence using the second EOU.

For example, fluorescence using the first EOU is 0.5 to X times the fluorescence using the second EOU, wherein X is from 3.0 to 1.0, eg, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5 or 1, wherein fluorescence is determined using excitation at 481 nm and emission at 507 nm. Optionally, E coli cultures at OD600 of 0.3-0.5 in the exponential growth phase are used.

For example, the upstream insulator, the nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, 3′ UTR, transcription terminator and downstream insulator of each EOU are as disclosed in Mutalik et a1 (2013). For example, the upstream insulator, the nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, 3′ UTR, transcription terminator and downstream insulator of each EOU are corresponding sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4. For example, the E coli is E. coli BW25113 is grown in MOPS EZ Rich Medium (Teknova) supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin (kan) at 37° C., shaken at 900 r.p.m. For example, each EOUs is comprised by a medium copy plasmid, eg, a plasmid derived from pFAB217 comprising a p15A replication origin and a kan resistance gene.

-   19. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector     comprises an origin of replication that is operable in the host     cell. -   20. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector     comprises an origin of replication that is operable in a bacterial     cell of a vector production strain, wherein the Cas3 is not operable     in the production strain cell to target and cut a chromosomal     sequence thereof.

An example of a production strain cell is an E coli cell. A production strain cell is a cell that is used to amplify DNA encoding Cas (and optionally other components of a CRISPR/Cas system). Usefully, the strain may package the amplified DNA into transduction particles that are may be isolated to produce a composition that can be contacted with a population of target host cells (eg, bacterial, archaeal, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, human, animal, mammal, rodent, mouse, rat, rabbit, Xenopus, fish, bird, amphibian, insect, plant, amoeba or algae cells) wherein the DNA is introduced into the cells for expression of the Cas (and optional other CRISPR/Cas system components), wherein the Cas is guided to a protospacer target sequence in the host cells and modifies (eg, cuts) the sequence. In another example, the amplified DNA isolated from a population of production strain cells and is combined with a delivery vehicle (eg, a carrier bacterium, nanoparticle or liposome), wherein the delivery vehicle can be contacted with a population of target host cells (eg, bacterial, archaeal, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, human, animal, mammal, rodent, mouse, rat, rabbit, Xenopus, fish, bird, amphibian, insect, plant, amoeba or algae cells) wherein the DNA is introduced into the cells for expression of the Cas (and optional other CRISPR/Cas system components), wherein the Cas is guided to a protospacer target sequence in the host cells and modifies (eg, cuts) the sequence.

-   21. The vector of paragraph 20, wherein the first sequence is under     the control of a promoter that is capable of controlling expression     of the Cas3 at a level that is not toxic to the production strain     cell.

In an example, substantially no production strain cells are killed when the Cas3-encoding sequence is amplified therein. In another example, no more than 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% of production strain cells are killed when the Cas3-encoding sequence is amplified therein. For example this is in a

-   1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 10, 12 or 24 hour period of culturing the     cells. -   22. The vector of paragraph 20, wherein the first sequence is under     the control of a promoter that controls expression of the Cas3 in     the production strain cell such that the cell is capable of growth     and propagation sufficient to produce at least 1000 copies of the     vector.

For example this is in a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 10, 12 or 24 hour period of culturing the cells. For example, at least 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², 10¹³, 10¹⁴, 10¹⁵, 10¹⁶, 10¹⁷ or 10¹⁸ copies of the vector are produced per 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², 10¹³, 10¹⁴, 10¹⁵, 10¹⁶, 10¹⁷ production strain cells respectively.

-   23. The vector of any one of paragraphs 20 to 22, wherein the cell     is capable of at least 2 or 3 logs of expansion when the vector is     comprised therein.

For example, this is in a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 10, 12 or 24 hour period of culturing the cells.

-   24. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector is a     high copy number vector. -   25. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the first     nucleotide sequence or operon is comprised by a mobile genetic     element.

Suitable mobile genetic elements, eg, transposons, are disclosed in WO2016177682 and US20170246221, the disclosures of which are explicitly incorporated herein for possible use in the invention and for providing one or more features for the claims herein.

-   26. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector is     devoid of a Cas adaption module.

For example, the vector is devoid of nucleotide sequences encoding a Cas1, Cas2 and/or Cas4.

-   27. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector is     devoid of nucleotide sequence encoding one, more or all of a Cas1,     Cas2, Cas4, Cas6 (optionally Cas6f), Cas7 and Cas8 (optionally     Cas8f). -   28. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector is     devoid of a sequence encoding a Cas6 (optionally a Cas6f). -   29. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the module     encodes a Cas6 (optionally a Cas6f). -   30. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas11, Cas7 and Cas8a1. -   31. The vector of paragraph 30, wherein the vector comprises     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ (optionally wherein     the nucleotide sequences encoding the Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ are between     the promoter and the sequence(s) recited in paragraph 30).

In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleotide sequences (in 5′ to 3′ direction) that encode a Cas3 (eg, Cas3′ and/or Cas3″), Cas11, Cas7 and Cas8a1. Optionally, a nucleotide sequence encoding Cas6 is between the Cas3 sequence(s) and the Cas11 sequence. Optionally, the vector comprises a Type IA CRISPR array or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding single guide RNA(s) (gRNA(s)), wherein the array and each gRNA comprises repeat sequence that is cognate with the Cas3. Thus, the array is operable in a host cell when the vector has been introduced into the cell for production of guide RNAs, wherein the guide RNAs are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell. Similarly, the single guide RNAs encoded by the vector in one embodiment are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell.

-   32. The vector of paragraph 30 or 31, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type IA CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   33. The vector of paragraph 30 or 31, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IB, C, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   34. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8b1, Cas7 and Cas5. -   35. The vector of paragraph 34, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in paragraph 34.

In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleotide sequences (in 5′ to 3′ direction) that encode a Cas3, Cas8b1, Cas7 and Cas5. Optionally, a nucleotide sequence encoding Cas6 is between the Cas3 sequence(s) and the Cas8b1 sequence. Optionally, the vector comprises a Type IB CRISPR array or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding single guide RNA(s) (gRNA(s)), wherein the array and each gRNA comprises repeat sequence that is cognate with the Cas3. Thus, the array is operable in a host cell when the vector has been introduced into the cell for production of guide RNAs, wherein the guide RNAs are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell. Similarly, the single guide RNAs encoded by the vector in one embodiment are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell.

-   36. The vector of paragraph 34 or 35, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type IB CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   37. The vector of paragraph 34 or 35, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IA, C, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   38. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas5, Cas8c and Cas7. -   39. The vector of paragraph 38, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in paragraph 38.

In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleotide sequences (in 5′ to 3′ direction) that encode a Cas3, Cas5, Cas8c and Cas7. Optionally, a nucleotide sequence encoding Cas6 is between the Cas3 sequence(s) and the Cas5 sequence. Optionally, the vector comprises a Type IC CRISPR array or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding single guide RNA(s) (gRNA(s)), wherein the array and each gRNA comprises repeat sequence that is cognate with the Cas3. Thus, the array is operable in a host cell when the vector has been introduced into the cell for production of guide RNAs, wherein the guide RNAs are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell. Similarly, the single guide RNAs encoded by the vector in one embodiment are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell.

-   40. The vector of paragraph 38 or 39, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type IC CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   41. The vector of paragraph 38 or 39, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IA, B, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   42. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8U2, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. -   43. The vector of paragraph 42, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in paragraph 42.

In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleotide sequences (in 5′ to 3′ direction) that encode a Cas3, Cas8U2, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. Optionally, a nucleotide sequence encoding Cas6 is between the Cas3 sequence(s) and the Cas8U2 sequence. Optionally, the vector comprises a Type IU CRISPR array or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding single guide RNA(s) (gRNA(s)), wherein the array and each gRNA comprises repeat sequence that is cognate with the Cas3. Thus, the array is operable in a host cell when the vector has been introduced into the cell for production of guide RNAs, wherein the guide RNAs are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell. Similarly, the single guide RNAs encoded by the vector in one embodiment are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell.

-   44. The vector of paragraph 42 or 43, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type IU CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   45. The vector of paragraph 42 or 43, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   46. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas10d, Cas7 and Cas5. -   47. The vector of paragraph 46, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ (optionally wherein     the nucleotide sequences encoding the Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ are between     the promoter and the sequence(s) recited in paragraph 46).

In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleotide sequences (in 5′ to 3′ direction) that encode a Cas3, Cas10d, Cas7 and Cas5. Optionally, a nucleotide sequence encoding Cas6 is between the Cas3 sequence(s) and the Cas10d sequence. Optionally, the vector comprises a Type ID CRISPR array or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding single guide RNA(s) (gRNA(s)), wherein the array and each gRNA comprises repeat sequence that is cognate with the Cas3. Thus, the array is operable in a host cell when the vector has been introduced into the cell for production of guide RNAs, wherein the guide RNAs are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell. Similarly, the single guide RNAs encoded by the vector in one embodiment are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell.

-   48. The vector of paragraph 46 or 47, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type ID CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   49. The vector of paragraph 46 or 47, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IA, B, C, U, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   50. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8e, Cas11, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. -   51. The vector of paragraph 50, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in paragraph 50.

In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleotide sequences (in 5′ to 3′ direction) that encode a Cas3, Cas8e, Cas11, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. Optionally, a nucleotide sequence encoding Cas6 is between the Cas3 sequence(s) and the Cas11 sequence. Optionally, the vector comprises a Type IE CRISPR array or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding single guide RNA(s) (gRNA(s)), wherein the array and each gRNA comprises repeat sequence that is cognate with the Cas3. Thus, the array is operable in a host cell when the vector has been introduced into the cell for production of guide RNAs, wherein the guide RNAs are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell. Similarly, the single guide RNAs encoded by the vector in one embodiment are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell.

-   52. The vector of paragraph 50 or 51, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type IE CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   53. The vector of paragraph 50 or 51, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, U or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   54. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8f, Cas5, Cas7 and Cas6f. -   55. The vector of paragraph 54, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in paragraph 54, wherein the vector is devoid of     nucleotide sequence encoding further Cas between the promoter and     the sequence encoding the Cas3.

In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleotide sequences (in 5′ to 3′ direction) that encode a Cas3, Cas8f, Cas5, Cas7 and Cas6f. Optionally, a nucleotide sequence encoding Cas6 is between the Cas3 sequence(s) and the Cas8f sequence. Optionally, the vector comprises a Type IF CRISPR array or one or more nucleotide sequences encoding single guide RNA(s) (gRNA(s)), wherein the array and each gRNA comprises repeat sequence that is cognate with the Cas3. Thus, the array is operable in a host cell when the vector has been introduced into the cell for production of guide RNAs, wherein the guide RNAs are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell. Similarly, the single guide RNAs encoded by the vector in one embodiment are operable with the Cas and Cascade proteins to target and modify (eg, cut) a target nucleotide sequence in the host cell, optionally thereby killing the host cell.

-   56. The vector of paragraph 54 or 55, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type IF CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   57. The vector of paragraph 54 or 55, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, U or E CRISPR/Cas system. -   58. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Type IA Cas and Cascade proteins. -   59. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Type IB Cas and Cascade proteins. -   60. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Type IC Cas and Cascade proteins. -   61. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Type ID Cas and Cascade proteins. -   62. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Type IE Cas and Cascade proteins. -   63. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Type IF Cas and Cascade proteins. -   64. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Type IU Cas and Cascade proteins. -   65. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are E coli (optionally Type IE or IF) Cas and Cascade     proteins, optionally wherein the E coli is ESBL-producing E. coli     or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4. -   66. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Clostridium (eg, C difficile) Cas and Cascade proteins,     optionally C difficile resistant to one or more antibiotics selected     from aminoglycosides, lincomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin,     clindamycin, penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. -   67. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cas and Cascade proteins,     optionally P aeruginosa resistant to one or more antibiotics     selected from carbapenems, aminoglycosides, cefepime, ceftazidime,     fluoroquinolones, piperacillin and tazobactam. -   68. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are Klebsiella pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant     Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase     (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae) Cas and Cascade proteins. -   69. The vector of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are E coli, C difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae, P     furiosus or B halodurans Cas and Cascade proteins. -   70. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the Cas3 is a     Cas3 of a CRISPR/Cas locus of a first bacterial or archaeal species,     wherein the distance between the Cas3-encoding sequence of the locus     and its cognate promoter is further than the distance between the     Cas3-encoding sequence and the respective promoter comprised by the     vector.

The cognate promoter here is the one that controls expression of Cas3 in the wild-type locus.

-   71. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the distance     between the promoter and the Cas3-encoding sequence and/or Cascade     protein-encoding sequence(s) is shorter than in a corresponding     wild-type Type I locus.

A corresponding locus is a wild-type locus of a bacterial or archaeal species or strain that comprises an endogenous CRISPR/Cas system encoding the Cas3 and/or Cascade proteins of the type that are also encoded by the vector. Thus, when the vector comprises an operon, the operon may comprise Cas3- and Cascade-encoding nucleotide sequences that are not in a natural configuration.

-   72. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector     comprises (i) a CRISPR array for producing crRNAs in the host cell     and/or (ii) one or more nucleotide sequences encoding one or more     single guide RNAs (gRNAs), wherein the crRNAs or gRNAs are cognate     to the Cas3 (and optionally cognate to the Cascade proteins). -   73. The vector of paragraph 72 when dependent from paragraph 4,     wherein the array or gRNA-encoding sequence(s) are comprised by the     operon and under the control of the promoter. -   74. The vector of paragraph 72, wherein the array or gRNA-encoding     sequence(s) are under the control of a promoter that is different     from the promoter that controls the expression of the Cas3. -   75. The vector of any one of paragraphs 72 to 74, wherein one or     more of the crRNAs or gRNAs comprises a spacer sequence that is     capable of hybridising to a target nucleotide sequence of the host     cell, wherein the target sequence is adjacent a PAM, the PAM being     cognate to the Cas3.

Thus, the spacer hybridises to the protospacer to guide the Cas3 to the protospacer. Optionally, the Cas3 cuts the protospacer, eg, using exo- and/or endonuclease activity of the Cas3. Optionally, the Cas3 removes a plurality (eg, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10) nucleotides from the protospacer.

-   76. The vector of paragraph 75, wherein the target sequence is a     chromosomal sequence of the host cell. -   77. The vector of paragraph 75 or 76, wherein the Cas3 is operable     to cut the target sequence. -   78. The vector of any preceding paragraph, wherein the vector is a     plasmid or phagemid. -   79. A delivery vehicle comprising the vector of any preceding     paragraph, wherein the delivery vehicle is capable of delivering the     vector into the host cell. -   80. The vehicle of paragraph 79, wherein the delivery vehicle is a     phage, non-replicative transduction particle, nanoparticle carrier,     bacterium or liposome.

The phage or particles comprise phage coat proteins encapsidating DNA, wherein the DNA comprises the vector. Suitable examples of phage and particles are disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 15/985,658 (and its equivalent publication by USPTO) the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for possible use in the invention and for providing one or more features that may be included in the claims herein. Phage or particle is capable of infecting the cell, thereby introducing the vector into the cell.

-   81. The vector or vehicle of any preceding paragraph, wherein the     host cell is a bacterial or archaeal cell, optionally, the host cell     is a C difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae (eg,     carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum     Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae), E coli (eg,     ESBL-producing E. coli, or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4), H pylori, S     pneumoniae or S aureus cell. -   82. The vector or vehicle of any preceding paragraph for     administration to a human or animal subject for treating or reducing     the risk of a disease or condition in the subject. -   83. The vector or vehicle of paragraph 82, wherein the disease or     condition is an infection of the subject with host cells (eg,     bacterial cells), or wherein the disease or condition is mediated by     host cells (eg, bacterial cells). -   84. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the vector or vehicle of     any preceding paragraph and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent,     excipient or carrier. -   85. A method of amplifying copies of a DNA encoding a functional Cas     protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a bacterial or archaeal     production strain of cells, the method comprising     -   (a) Providing production strain cells, each cell comprising a         copy of said DNA, wherein each DNA comprises a nucleotide         sequence encoding said Cas, wherein the nucleotide sequence is         under the control of a promoter for controlling the expression         of the Cas in the production strain cell, the DNA comprising an         origin of replication that is operable in the cell for         replication of the DNA;     -   (b) Culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA, whereby         the DNA is amplified; and     -   (c) Optionally isolating copies of the DNA, -   86. The method of paragraph 85, wherein the promoter is a     constitutive promoter. -   87. The method of paragraph 85, wherein the promoter is repressible     (optionally repressible by a tetracycline repressor or a lac     repressor). -   88. The method of paragraph 85, wherein the promoter is inducible. -   89. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 88, wherein the     promoter is a medium strength promoter. -   90. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 89, wherein the     promoter has an Anderson Score (AS) of 0.5>AS>0.1. -   91. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 90, wherein the     nucleotide sequence encoding said Cas is under the control of a     promoter and translation initiation site (TIS) combination that is     capable of producing expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)     from a first expression operating unit (EOU) in E. coli strain     BW25113 cells with a fluorescence of from 0.5 to 4 times the     fluorescence produced in E. coli strain BW25113 cells using a second     EOU comprising a P10 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) combined with a BCD14     TIS (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein the EOUs differ only in their promoter     and TIS combinations, wherein each EOU comprises (in 5′ to 3′     direction) an upstream initiator, the respective promoter, the     respective TIS, a nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, a 3′ UTR, a     transcription terminator and a downstream insulator. -   92. The method of paragraph 91, wherein fluorescence using the first     EOU is 0.5 to 2 times the fluorescence using the second EOU. -   93. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 92, wherein the     nuclease is Cas3 and optionally the DNA or cell encodes cognate     Cascade proteins and/or one or more crRNAs that are operable for Cas     nuclease targeting.

For example, the targeting is targeting of the Cas to a protospacer sequence comprised by a host cell chromosome or an episome thereof. In another example the targeting is in a recombineering method and the Cas is targeted to a protospacer sequence of a DNA that has been introduced into or amplified in the host cell. In an example of such recombineering, the host cell is an E coli cell.

-   94. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 92, wherein the Cas is     a Cas9. -   95. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 92, wherein the Cas is     a Type IIIA csm protein or a Type IIIB cmr protein. -   96. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 92, wherein the Cas is     a Csf1. -   97. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 92, wherein the Cas is     a Cpf1. -   98. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 92, wherein the Cas is     a Cas13 (optionally Cas13a or Cas13b). -   99. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 92, wherein the Cas is     selected from a Cas3, Cas8a, Cas5, Cas8b, Cas8c, Cas10d, Cse1, Cse2,     Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, GSU0054, Cas10, Csm2, Cmr5, Cas10, Csx11, Csx10,     Csf1, Cas9, Csn2, Cas4, Cpf1, C2c1, C2c3, Cas13a, Cas13b and Cas13c. -   100. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 99, wherein the     production strain cells comprise a helper phage genome that is     inducible to produce phage coat proteins in the cells, wherein the     method further comprises inducing production of the phage proteins     and causing packaging of the amplified DNA into phage particles or     non-self-replicative transduction particles, and further isolating     the phage or transduction particles and optionally formulating the     particles into a pharmaceutical composition for administration to a     human or animal subject for treating or reducing the risk of a     disease or condition in the subject. -   101. The method of paragraph 100, wherein the particles are capable     of infecting target host cells in the subject and transducing the     cells with the DNA, wherein the Cas and crRNAs (or gRNAs) encoded by     the DNA are expressed in the cells, the crRNAs or (gRNAs) being     operable to guide the Cas to a target nucleotide sequence     (optionally a chromosomal sequence) comprised by the cells, wherein     the Cas cuts the target sequences in the cells, thereby killing host     cells and treating or reducing the risk of the disease or condition. -   102. The method of paragraph 101, wherein the host cells are     bacterial or archaeal cells, optionally, the host cells are C     difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant     Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase     (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae), E coli (eg, ESBL-producing E. coli,     or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4), H pylori, S pneumoniae or S aureus cells. -   103. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 102, wherein each DNA     is comprised by a high copy number vector, optionally a high copy     number plasmid (an optionally the promoter is a constitutive     promoter). -   104. The method of any one of paragraphs 85 to 103, wherein each DNA     is comprised by a vector or vehicle according to any one of     paragraphs 1 to 83. -   105. Use of an attenuated strength promoter in a DNA construct     comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein     (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the     promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a     population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the     method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the     DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for enhancing the yield     of amplified DNA produced by the production host cells.

Thus, said enhancing may be relative to the yield produced using a strong promoter, eg, a strong constitutive promoter (for example a promoter having an Anderson Score (AS) of AS>0.5). In another example, the strong promoter is a promoter comprised by a promoter and translation initiation site (TIS) combination that is capable of producing expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a first expression operating unit (EOU) in E. coli strain BW25113 cells with a fluorescence of >4 times the fluorescence produced in E. coli strain BW25113 cells using a second EOU comprising a P10 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) combined with a BCD14 TIS (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein the EOUs differ only in their promoter and TIS combinations, wherein each EOU comprises (in 5′ to 3′ direction) an upstream initiator, the respective promoter, the respective TIS, a nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, a 3′ UTR, a transcription terminator and a downstream insulator.

-   106. The use of paragraph 105, wherein the use is for enhancing said     yield by     -   (d) reducing toxicity of the Cas in the production strain;     -   (e) reducing mutation of the DNA (optionally the Cas-encoding         sequence) in the production strain;     -   (f) promoting production cell viability during the amplification         of the DNA; and/or (g) reducing the occurrence of Cas cutting of         DNA (optionally cutting of production host cell chromosomal DNA         or said DNA construct). -   107. Use of an attenuated strength promoter in a DNA construct     comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein     (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the     promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a     population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the     method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the     DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for reducing toxicity     of the Cas in the production strain. -   108. Use of an attenuated strength promoter in a DNA construct     comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein     (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the     promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a     population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the     method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the     DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for reducing mutation     of the DNA (optionally the Cas-encoding sequence) in the production     strain. -   109. Use of an attenuated strength promoter in a DNA construct     comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein     (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the     promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a     population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the     method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the     DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for promoting     production cell viability during the amplification of the DNA. -   110. Use of an attenuated strength promoter in a DNA construct     comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional Cas protein     (optionally a Cas nuclease) that is under the control of the     promoter, in a method of amplifying copies of the DNA in a     population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells, the     method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the     DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, for reducing the     occurrence of Cas cutting of DNA. -   111. A method for enhancing the yield of amplified copies of a DNA     construct in a population of bacterial or archaeal production strain     cells, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence     encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) that     is under the control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing     the cells to allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA     in the cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated strength     promoter. -   112. A method for reducing toxicity of a functional Cas protein     (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a population of bacterial or archaeal     production strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of a DNA     construct, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence     encoding the Cas and the sequence is under the control of a     promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to allow     replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells,     wherein the promoter is an attenuated strength promoter. -   113. A method for reducing mutation of a DNA construct encoding a     functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) in a population     of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a process of     amplifying copies of the construct, wherein the construct comprises     a nucleotide sequence encoding the Cas and the sequence is under the     control of a promoter, the method comprising culturing the cells to     allow replication of the DNA thereby amplifying the DNA in the     cells, wherein the promoter is an attenuated strength promoter. -   114. A method for promoting production cell viability of a     population of bacterial or archaeal production strain cells in a     process of amplifying copies of a DNA construct comprised by the     cells, wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence     encoding a functional Cas protein (optionally a Cas nuclease) and     the sequence is under the control of a promoter, the method     comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA     thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an     attenuated strength promoter. -   115. A method for reducing the occurrence of Cas nuclease cutting of     a DNA construct in a population of bacterial or archaeal production     strain cells in a process of amplifying copies of the construct,     wherein the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the     Cas and the sequence is under the control of a promoter, the method     comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the DNA     thereby amplifying the DNA in the cells, wherein the promoter is an     attenuated strength promoter. -   116. The use of paragraph 108 or 110, or the method of paragraph 113     or 115, wherein the mutation or cutting is mutation or cutting of     host cell chromosomal DNA or the construct DNA. -   117. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 116, wherein     the promoter is a constitutive promoter. -   118. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 117, wherein     the promoter is repressible (optionally repressible by a     tetracycline repressor or a lac repressor).

In an example, the promoter is a constitutive promoter and optionally the DNA is comprised by a high copy number plasmid or phagemid.

-   119. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 118, wherein     the promoter is P_(LtetO-1), P_(LlacO-1) or a repressible homologue     thereof.

P_(LlacO-1) is repressed by lac repressor (LacR). Pueto-1 is repressed by tet repressor (TetR).

-   120. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 119, wherein     the promoter is a medium strength promoter. -   121. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 120, wherein     the promoter has an Anderson Score (AS) of 0.5>AS>0.1. -   122. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 121, wherein     the nucleotide sequence encoding said Cas is under the control of a     promoter and translation initiation site (TIS) combination that is     capable of producing expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)     from a first expression operating unit (EOU) in E. coli strain     BW25113 cells with a fluorescence of from 0.5 to 4 times the     fluorescence produced in E. coli strain BW25113 cells using a second     EOU comprising a P10 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) combined with a BCD14     TIS (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein the EOUs differ only in their promoter     and TIS combinations, wherein each EOU comprises (in 5′ to 3′     direction) an upstream initiator, the respective promoter, the     respective TIS, a nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, a 3′ UTR, a     transcription terminator and a downstream insulator. -   123. The use or method of paragraph 122, wherein fluorescence using     the first EOU is 0.5 to 2 times the fluorescence using the second     EOU. -   124. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 123, wherein     the nuclease is Cas3 and optionally the DNA construct encodes     cognate Cascade proteins. -   125. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 123, wherein     the Cas is a Cas9. -   126. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 123, wherein     the Cas is a Type IIIA csm protein or a Type IIIB cmr protein. -   127. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 123, wherein     the Cas is a Csf1. -   128. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 123, wherein     the Cas is a Cpf1. -   129. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 123, wherein     the Cas is a Cas13 (optionally Cas13a or Cas13b). -   130. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 123, wherein     the Cas is selected from a Cas3, Cas8a, Cas5, Cas8b, Cas8c, Cas10d,     Cse1, Cse2, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, GSU0054, Cas10, Csm2, Cmr5, Cas10,     Csx11, Csx10, Csf1, Cas9, Csn2, Cas4, Cpf1, C2c1, C2c3, Cas13a,     Cas13b and Cas13c. -   131. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 130, wherein     the DNA construct comprises one or more nucleotide sequences for     producing crRNAs or gRNAs that are operable for Cas nuclease     targeting. -   132. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 131, wherein     the production strain cells comprise a helper phage genome that is     inducible to produce phage coat proteins in the cells, wherein the     method further comprises inducing production of the phage proteins     and causing packaging of the amplified DNA into phage particles or     non-self-replicative transduction particles, and further isolating     the phage or transduction particles and optionally formulating the     particles into a pharmaceutical composition for administration to a     human or animal subject for treating or reducing the risk of a     disease or condition in the subject. -   133. The method of paragraph 132, wherein the particles are capable     of infecting target host cells in the subject and transducing the     cells with the DNA, wherein the Cas and crRNAs (or gRNAs) encoded by     the DNA are expressed in the cells, the crRNAs or (gRNAs) being     operable to guide the Cas to a target nucleotide sequence     (optionally a chromosomal sequence) comprised by the cells, wherein     the Cas cuts the target sequences in the cells, thereby killing host     cells and treating or reducing the risk of the disease or condition. -   134. The method of paragraph 133, wherein the host cells are     bacterial or archaeal cells, optionally, the host cells are C     difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant     Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase     (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae), E coli (eg, ESBL-producing E. coli,     or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4), H pylori, S pneumoniae or S aureus cells. -   135. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 134, wherein     each DNA is comprised by a high copy number vector, optionally a     high copy number plasmid (an optionally the promoter is a     constitutive promoter). -   136. The use or method of any one of paragraphs 105 to 135, wherein     each DNA is comprised by a vector according to any one of paragraphs     1 to 78 and 81 to 83.

CLAUSES

The invention provides, by way of example, the following Clauses; the features of these are combinable with any other disclosure herein.

-   1. A nucleic acid vector for introduction into a host cell, the     vector comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a Type I Cas3     and a second nucleotide sequence encoding one or more Cascade     proteins, wherein the first and second sequences are under the     control of one or more promoters comprised by the vector for     expression of the proteins in the cell. -   2. The vector of Clause 1, wherein the vector comprises an operon     for expression in the cell of the Cas3 and Cascade proteins from a     Cas module, the module comprising the nucleotide sequences encoding     the Cas3 and Cascade proteins, and the operon comprising the Cas     module under the control of a promoter for controlling the     expression of both the Cas3 and Cascade proteins. -   3. The vector of Clause 2, wherein     -   (a) the first sequence is between the promoter and the second         sequence in the operon;     -   (b) the operon comprises no Cas-encoding nucleotide sequences         between the promoter and the first nucleotide sequence; and/or     -   (c) the operon comprises (in 5′ to 3′ direction) the promoter,         the first sequence and the second sequence. -   4. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein each promoter is a     constitutive promoter. -   5. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the promoter is     repressible (optionally repressible by a tetracycline repressor or     lac repressor). -   6. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the promoter is     inducible. -   7. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the first sequence is     under the control of a medium strength promoter. -   8. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the first sequence is     under the control of a promoter that has an Anderson Score (AS) of     0.5>AS>0.1. -   9. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the first sequence     (and optionally the second sequence) is under the control of a     promoter and translation initiation site (TIS) combination that is     capable of producing expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)     from a first expression operating unit (EOU) in E. coli strain     BW25113 cells with a fluorescence of from 0.5 to 4 times the     fluorescence produced in E. coli strain BW25113 cells using a second     EOU comprising a P10 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) combined with a BCD14     TIS (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein the EOUs differ only in their promoter     and TIS combinations, wherein each EOU comprises (in 5′ to 3′     direction) an upstream initiator, the respective promoter, the     respective TIS, a nucleotide sequence encoding GFP, a 3′ UTR, a     transcription terminator and a downstream insulator. -   10. The vector of Clause 9, wherein fluorescence using the first EOU     is 0.5 to 2 times the fluorescence using the second EOU. -   11. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector comprises     an origin of replication that is operable in the host cell. -   12. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector comprises     an origin of replication that is operable in a bacterial cell of a     vector production strain, wherein the Cas3 is not operable in the     production strain cell to target and cut a chromosomal sequence     thereof. -   13. The vector of Clause 12, wherein the first sequence is under the     control of a promoter that is capable of controlling expression of     the Cas3 at a level that is not toxic to the production strain cell. -   14. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector is a high     copy number vector. -   15. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the first nucleotide     sequence or operon is comprised by a mobile genetic element. -   16. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector is devoid     of a Cas adaption module. -   17. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector is devoid     of nucleotide sequence encoding one, more or all of a Cas1, Cast,     Cas4, Cas6, Cas7 and Cas8. -   18. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector comprises     (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence encoding one,     more or all of Cas11, Cas7 and Cas8a1. -   19. The vector of Clause 18, wherein the vector comprises nucleotide     sequence encoding Cas3′ and/or Cas3″. -   20. The vector or Clause 19, wherein the nucleotide sequences     encoding the Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ are between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in Clause 18. -   21. The vector of any one of Clauses 18 to 20, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type IA CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   22. The vector of any one of Clauses 18 to 20, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IB, C, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   23. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8b1, Cas7 and Cas5. -   24. The vector of Clause 23, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in Clause 23. -   25. The vector of Clause 23 or 24, wherein the host cell comprises a     Type IB CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   26. The vector of Clause 23 or 24, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, C, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   27. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas5, Cas8c and Cas7. -   28. The vector of Clause 27, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in Clause 27. -   29. The vector of Clause 27 or 28, wherein the host cell comprises a     Type IC CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   30. The vector of Clause 27 or 28, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, U, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   31. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8U2, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. -   32. The vector of Clause 31, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in Clause 31. -   33. The vector of Clause 31 or 32, wherein the host cell comprises a     Type IU CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   34. The vector of Clause 31 or 32, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   35. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas10d, Cas7 and Cas5. -   36. The vector of Clause 35, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3′ and/or Cas3″. -   37. The vector of Clause 36, wherein the nucleotide sequences     encoding the Cas3′ and/or Cas3″ are between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in Clause 35. -   38. The vector of any one of Clauses 35 to 37, wherein the host cell     comprises a Type ID CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   39. The vector of any one of Clauses 35 to 37, wherein the host cell     comprises an endogenous Type IA, B, C, U, E or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   40. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8e, Cas11, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6. -   41. The vector of Clause 40, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in Clause 40. -   42. The vector of Clause 40 or 41, wherein the host cell comprises a     Type IE CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   43. The vector of Clause 40 or 41, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, U or F CRISPR/Cas system. -   44. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the vector     comprises (optionally in 5′ to 3′ direction) nucleotide sequence     encoding one, more or all of Cas8f, Cas5, Cas7 and Cas6f. -   45. The vector of Clause 44, wherein the vector comprises a     nucleotide sequence encoding Cas3 between the promoter and the     sequence(s) recited in Clause 44, wherein the vector is devoid of     nucleotide sequence encoding further Cas between the promoter and     the sequence encoding the Cas3. -   46. The vector of Clause 44 or 45, wherein the host cell comprises a     Type IF CRISPR array that is cognate with the Cas3. -   47. The vector of Clause 44 or 45, wherein the host cell comprises     an endogenous Type IA, B, C, D, U or E CRISPR/Cas system. -   48. The vector of any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the Cas and     Cascade are     -   (a) Type IA Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (b) Type IB Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (c) Type IC Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (d) Type ID Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (e) Type IE Cas and Cascade proteins;     -   (f) Type IF Cas and Cascade proteins; or     -   (g) Type IU Cas and Cascade proteins. -   49. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the Cas and Cascade     are E coli (optionally Type IE or IF) Cas and Cascade proteins. -   50. The vector of Clause 49, wherein the E coli is ESBL-producing E.     coli or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4. -   51. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the Cas and Cascade     are     -   (a) Clostridium (eg, C difficile) Cas and Cascade proteins,         optionally C difficile resistant to one or more antibiotics         selected from aminoglycosides, lincomycin, tetracyclines,         erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillins, cephalosporins and         fluoroquinolones;     -   (b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cas and Cascade proteins, optionally         P aeruginosa resistant to one or more antibiotics selected from         carbapenems, aminoglycosides, cefepime, ceftazidime,         fluoroquinolones, piperacillin and tazobactam; or     -   (c) Klebsiella pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella         pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing         K pneumoniae) Cas and Cascade proteins. -   52. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the Cas and Cascade     are E coli, C difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae, P furiosus or B     halodurans Cas and Cascade proteins. -   53. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the Cas3 is a Cas3     of a CRISPR/Cas locus of a first bacterial or archaeal species,     wherein the distance between the Cas3-encoding sequence of the locus     and its cognate promoter is further than the distance between the     Cas3-encoding sequence and the respective promoter comprised by the     vector. -   54. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the distance between     the promoter and the Cas3-encoding sequence and/or Cascade     protein-encoding sequence(s) is shorter than in a corresponding     wild-type Type I locus. -   55. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector     comprises (i) a CRISPR array for producing crRNAs in the host cell     and/or (ii) one or more nucleotide sequences encoding one or more     guide RNAs (gRNAs or single gRNAs), wherein the crRNAs or gRNAs are     cognate to the Cas3 (and optionally cognate to the Cascade     proteins). -   56. The vector of Clause 55 when dependent from Clause 2, wherein     the array or gRNA-encoding sequence(s) are comprised by the operon     and under the control of the promoter. -   57. The vector of Clause 56, wherein the array or gRNA-encoding     sequence(s) are under the control of a promoter that is different     from the promoter that controls the expression of the Cas3. -   58. The vector of Clause 56 or 57, wherein one or more of the crRNAs     or gRNAs comprises a spacer sequence that is capable of hybridising     to a target nucleotide sequence of the host cell, wherein the target     sequence is adjacent a PAM, the PAM being cognate to the Cas3. -   59. The vector of Clause 58, wherein the target sequence is a     chromosomal sequence of the host cell. -   60. The vector of Clause 58 or 59, wherein the Cas3 is operable to     cut the target sequence. -   61. The vector of any preceding Clause, wherein the vector is a     plasmid or phagemid. -   62. A delivery vehicle comprising the vector of any preceding     Clause, wherein the delivery vehicle is capable of delivering the     vector into the host cell. -   63. The vehicle of Clause 62, wherein the delivery vehicle is a     phage, non-replicative transduction particle, nanoparticle carrier,     bacterium or liposome. -   64. The vector or vehicle of any preceding Clause, wherein the host     cell is a bacterial or archaeal cell, optionally, the host cell is a     C difficile, P aeruginosa, K pneumoniae (eg, carbapenem-resistant     Klebsiella pneumoniae or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase     (ESBL)-producing K pneumoniae), E coli (eg, ESBL-producing E. coli,     or E. coli ST131-O25b:H4), H pylori, S pneumoniae or S aureus cell. -   65. The vector or vehicle of any preceding Clause for administration     to a human or animal subject for treating or reducing the risk of a     disease or condition in the subject. -   66. The vector or vehicle of Clause 65, wherein the disease or     condition is an infection of the subject with host cells (eg,     bacterial cells), or wherein the disease or condition is mediated by     host cells (eg, bacterial cells). -   67. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the vector or vehicle of     any preceding Clause and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent,     excipient or carrier.

It will be understood that particular embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principal features of this invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine study, numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims. All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications and all US equivalent patent applications and patents are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Reference is made to WO2017/118598, US20180140698, US20170246221, US20180273940, US20160115488, US20180179547, US20170175142, US20160024510, US20150064138, US20170022499, US20160345578, US20180155729, US20180200342, WO2017112620, WO2018081502, PCT/EP2018/066954, PCT/EP2018/066980, PCT/EP2018/071454 and U.S. Ser. No. 15/985,658 and equivalent publications by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) or WIPO, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for providing disclosure that may be used in the present invention and/or to provide one or more features (eg, of a vector) that may be included in one or more claims herein.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps

The term “or combinations thereof” or similar as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, MB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

Any part of this disclosure may be read in combination with any other part of the disclosure, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

The present invention is described in more detail in the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES

The examples illustrate fast and precision killing of Escherichia coli strains. As a model programmable nuclease system, we used a CRISPR guided vector (CGV™) to specifically target Escherichia coli MG1655.

Example 1. Single-Vector Cas3 & Cascade: Type I CRISPR-Cas System Targeting E. coli

A plasmid (which we call a CRISPR Guided Vector™, CGV™) was constructed comprising an operon with nucleotide sequences encoding a Type I Cas3 and Cascade proteins under the control of a common promoter. C. difficile Type IB Cas3 and Cascade was used. A cognate CRISPR array comprising C. difficile repeat sequences and spacer sequence for targeting an E. coli host cell chromosome was also introduced into target cells. An adaptation module containing Cast, Cast and Cas4 was omitted in the vector (see FIG. 1A). In the wild-type C. difficile Type IB CRISPR/Cas locus, the cas3 gene is 3′ of the Cascade genes (cas8b1, cas7 and cas5) and thus spaced away from the promoter upstream of the Cascade genes. When we tried this arrangement, we found killing of E. coli cells, but surprisingly when we changed to a synthetic operon arrangement (in 5′ to 3′ orientation) of promoter, cas3, cas8b1, cas7 and cas5 we saw significantly higher killing of the target E. coli cells.

Results using this synthetic operon arrangement are shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. In FIG. 1B there is shown a dilution series (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) of target E. coli MG1655 cells harboring the CGV on LB agar plates with and without inducers. CRISPR/Cas induction surprisingly killed 99.9% of the population (FIG. 1C, grey bar). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. CGV™ refers to a CRISPR Guided Vector™, which is a nucleic acid vector comprising nucleotide sequences encoding CRISPR/Cas components.

We also managed to achieve desirable targeted killing of E coli cells using a similar set-up, except that E coli Type IE Cas and Cascade were used, together with a cognate array targeting host cell E coli chromosomal DNA (data not shown). In this case, a vector was used comprising (in 5′ to 3′ direction) a promoter controlling the expression of Cas3, Cas8e, Cas11, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6 in an operon.

Materials and Methods

E. coli MG1655 was grown in lysogeny broth (LB) with shaking (250 rpm) at 37° C. When necessary, cultures were supplemented with tetracycline (10 μg/mL), and spectinomycin (400 Kg/mL).

To construct a plasmid containing C. difficile CRISPR system under arabinose inducible pBAD promoter, cas3, cas6, cas8b, cas7 and cas5 genes from C. difficile were amplified and cloned in a low copy number plasmid (pSC101 ori). cas3 was located in the beginning of the operon followed by cas6, cas8b, cas7 and cas5. The adaptation module (consisting of cas1, cas2, and cas4) was omitted in the vector (FIG. 1A). A second plasmid containing an IPTG inducible single-spacer array targeting a chromosomal intergenic region in E. coli MG1655 was constructed (FIG. 1A). The spacer was cloned under control of the IPTG-inducible Ptrc promoter, in a CloDF13 ori backbone. It contains 37 nucleotides from the genome of E. coli MG1655 (ctttgccgcgcgcttcgtcacgtaattctcgtcgcaa) (SEQ ID NO: 26). Additionally, the 3′-CCT protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) is located adjacent to the selected target sequence in the genome of E. coli MG1655 (FIG. 1A).

To perform killing assays, both plasmids were transformed into E. coli MG1655 by electroporation. Transformants were grown in liquid LB with antibiotics to mid-log phase, and the killing efficiency was determined by serial dilution and spot plating onto LB, and LB+inducers (0.5 mM IPTG and 1 arabinose). Viability was calculated by counting colony forming units (CFUs) on the plates and data were calculated as viable cell concentration (CFU/ml).

Example 2. Single-Vector Cas3-Cascade & Array: Type I CRISPR-Cas System Targeting E. coli

A plasmid (which we call a CRISPR Guided Vector™, CGV™, which is a nucleic acid vector comprising nucleotide sequences encoding CRISPR/Cas components) was constructed comprising an operon with nucleotide sequences encoding a Type I Cas3 and Cascade proteins under the control of a common promoter. C. difficile Type IB Cas3 and Cascade was used. Adaptation module containing Cas1, Cas2 and Cas4 was omitted in the vector. A cognate CRISPR array comprising C. difficile repeat sequences and spacer sequence for targeting an E. coli host cell chromosome was also cloned in the vector (see FIG. 2A). Similarly we also constructed a plasmid comprising of an operon with nucleotide sequences encoding E. coli Type IE Cas3 and Cascade proteins under control of a common promoter. The E. coli adaption module containing Cas1 and Cas2 was omitted, in the vector. A cognate CRISPR array comprising E. coli repeat sequences and spacer sequence for targeting an E. coli host cell chromosome was also cloned in the vector.

The CGV containing the C. difficile CRISPR-Cas system was transformed into E. coli MG1655 which contains a pks sequence incorporated into the genome. Results using this synthetic operon arrangement are shown in FIGS. 2A-2C. In FIG. 2B there is shown a dilution series (10¹-10⁵) of drop spots (5 μl) of target E. coli MG1655 cells harboring the CGV on synthetic medium (SM) agar plates with and without inducers. CRISPR/Cas induction resulted in more than 2-log₁₀ reductions in viable cells of E. coli MG1655 (FIG. 2C, grey bar). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. CGV™ refers to a CRISPR Guided Vector™.

The survival of E. coli MG1655 upon induction was followed over time by plating the cultures in serial dilutions every 60 minutes, for 2 h (FIG. 3A). Killing curves revealed that CRISPR/Cas induction mediated rapid killing of E. coli MG1655, generating a two-log₁₀ reduction in E. coli by the first 60 minutes. FIG. 3B shows a dilution series (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) of induced and non-induced cultures of target E. coli MG1655 on SM agar plates.

The CGV containing the E. coli CRISPR-Cas system was transformed into other E. coli MG1655 cells which contain a lambda sequence incorporated into the genome. Results using this synthetic operon arrangement are shown in FIGS. 6A-6B. In FIG. 6A there is shown a dilution series (10¹-10⁵) of drop spots (5 μl) of target E. coli MG1655 cells harboring the CGV on synthetic medium (SM) agar plates with and without inducers. CRISPR/Cas induction resulted in more than 2-log₁₀ reductions in viable cells of E. coli MG1655 (FIG. 6B, grey bar). Growth in absence of induction is shown in black. In a repeat experiment (not shown) we saw a 3-log₁₀ reductions in viable cells of E. coli MG1655 with CRISPR/Cas induction.

Materials and Methods

E. coli MG1655 was grown in synthetic medium (SM) with shaking (250 rpm) at 37° C. Cultures were supplemented with 10 μg/mL tetracycline when required.

To construct a plasmid containing C. difficile CRISPR system under arabinose inducible pBAD promoter, cas3, cas6, cas8b, cas7 and cas5 genes from C. difficile were amplified and cloned in a low copy number plasmid (pSC101 ori). cas3 was located in the beginning of the operon followed by cas6, cas8b, cas7 and cas5. Additionally, an IPTG inducible single-spacer array targeting a chromosomal intergenic region in E. coli MG1655 was included in the vector under control of the IPTG-inducible Ptrc promoter (FIG. 2A). It contains 37 nucleotides from the PKS gene (previously integrated into the genome of E. coli MG1655) (gtttggcgatggcgcgggtgtggttgtgcttcggcgt) (SEQ ID NO: 27). Additionally, the 3′-CCT protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) is located adjacent to the selected target sequence in the genome of E. coli MG1655 (FIG. 2A).

To construct a plasmid containing E. coli CRISPR system under arabinose inducible pBAD promoter, cas3, cse1, cse2, cas7, cas5 and cas6 genes from E. coli were amplified and cloned in a low copy number plasmid (pSC101 ori). The operon comprised (in 5′ to 3′ direction) cas3 followed by cse1 cse2, cas7, cas5 and cas6. Additionally, an IPTG inducible single-spacer array targeting a chromosomal intergenic region in E. coli MG1655 was included in the vector under control of the IPTG-inducible Ptrc promoter. It contained 32 nucleotides from the lambda sequence (previously integrated into the genome of E. coli MG1655) (tgggatgcctaccgcaagcagcttggcctgaa) (SEQ ID NO: 28) and found to efficiently target in Brouns et al., 2008 (Science. 2008 Aug. 15; 321(5891):960-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1159689; “Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes”). Additionally, the 3′-ATG protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) is located adjacent to the selected target sequence in the genome of E. coli MG1655.

The CGVs were transformed into E. coli MG1655 by electroporation. Transformants were grown in liquid SM with antibiotics to mid-log phase, and the killing efficiency was determined by serial dilution and spot plating onto LB, and LB+inducers (0.5 mM IPTG and 1% arabinose). Viability was calculated by counting colony forming units (CFUs) on the plates and data were calculated as viable cell concentration (CFU/ml).

To perform killing curves, E. coli MG1655 harboring the CGV was grown in liquid SM with antibiotics to mid-log phase. The culture was divided into two tubes and either inducers (0.5 mM IPTG and 1% arabinose) or PBS were added. Survival of the strain was followed over time by plating the cultures in serial dilutions (10¹-10⁶) of drop spots (5 μl) every 60 minutes, for 2 h, on SM plates with antibiotics. Survival frequency was calculated by counting colony forming units (CFUs) on the plates and data were calculated as viable cell concentration (CFU/ml).

Example 3. Precision Killing of Target Strain E. coli MG1655 in a Microbiome

An artificial microbial consortium was constructed to study the efficiency of the CGV carrying the CRISPR-Cas system of C. difficile, to specifically target E. coli MG1655 in the presence of other microbes, mimicking the human microbiome.

The synthetic consortium consisted of three strains (two different species) with differential antibiotic resistance profiles: a streptomycin-resistant E. coli MG1655 (target strain), an ampicillin-resistant E. coli Top10, and a chloramphenicol-resistant Lactococcus lactis NZ9000. To create the consortium, bacterial cultures were grown separately in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI, optimal growth medium for L. lactis) to mid-log phase and mixed in fresh BHI broth with and without inducers. After 1 h induction at 30° C., the composition of the consortium was determined by counting viable colonies on selective plates. Induction of the CRISPR system in the mixed community, resulted in >10-fold killing of target E. coli MG1655, while leaving E. coli Top10 and L. lactis NZ9000 cell populations unharmed (FIG. 4A). In FIG. 4B there is shown a dilution series (10¹-10⁵) of drop spots (5 μl) of the synthetic consortium after 1 h induction on BHI agar plates.

Additionally, CRISPR killing of target strain E. coli MG1655 in the synthetic microbial consortium was compared to a pure culture (ie, target strain E. coli MG1655 that is not mixed with another strain or species). Unexpectedly, in both conditions, killing of 3 logs was achieved when plated on BHI agar plates with inducers (FIG. 5A). Thus, surprisingly the killing in the microbiome setting was as efficient as the killing in pure culture. In FIG. 5B there is shown a dilution series (10¹-10⁵) of drop spots (5 μl) of the synthetic consortium and E. coli MG1655 in pure culture on BHI agar plates with and without inducers.

Materials and Methods

E. coli MG1655, E. coli Top10, and Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 were grown in BHI broth with shaking (250 rpm) at 30° C. Cultures were supplemented with 1000 μg/mL streptomycin, 100 μg/mL ampicillin, or 10 μg/mL chloramphenicol, respectively.

To create the consortium, bacterial cultures were grown in BHI with appropriate antibiotics to mid-log phase. Cultures were washed twice in PBS to remove the antibiotics and mixed in fresh BHI broth. The mixed culture was spotted onto BHI plates with streptomycin, ampicillin or chloramphenicol to quantify the initial concentration of E. coli MG1655, E. coli Top10 and L. lactis NZ9000, respectively. The mixed culture was divided into two tubes and either inducers (0.5 mM IPTG and 1% arabinose) or PBS were added. After 1 h induction at 30° C., the composition of the consortium was calculated by counting colony forming units (CFUs) on selective plates and data were calculated as viable cell concentration (CFU/ml).

Example 4. Use of Promoter Repression in Vector Amplification Strains

We engineered an E coli Top10 production strain cell population comprising plasmid CGV DNA and an expressible sequence encoding a Tet repressor (TetR). The DNA comprised a Cas9-encoding nucleotide sequence under the control of a Tet promoter (pLtetO-1 promoter). The promoter is normally constitutively ON, but it was repressed by TetR in our cells. Thus, in this way we could successfully culture the cells and amplify the CGV without observing adverse toxicity due to Cas9 expression.

In an experiment in the absence of repression, we did not observe any colonies of production strain bacteria, and we surmise that this was due to Cas9 toxicity. We believe, in addition to providing a way of increasing CGV yield (eg, for subsequent packaging into phage or non-self-replicative transduction particles), our method using repression can minimize selection for mutations in the DNA that would otherwise be forced by higher Cas9 expression and cutting (eg, due to CGV cutting).

REFERENCES

-   Mutalik et a1, Nat Methods. 2013 April; 10(4):354-60. doi:     10.1038/nmeth. 2404. Epub 2013 Mar. 10, “Precise and reliable gene     expression via standard transcription and translation initiation     elements”.

TABLE 1 Example Bacteria Optionally, the target host cells are cells of a genus or species selected from this Table and/or the production strain cells are cells of a genus or species selected from this Table Abiotrophia Acidocella Actinomyces Alkalilimnicola Aquaspirillum Abiotrophia defectiva Acidocella aminolytica Actinomyces bovis Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii Aquaspirillum polymorphum Acaricomes Acidocella facilis Actinomyces denticolens Alkaliphilus Aquaspirillum Acaricomes phytoseiuli Acidomonas Actinomyces europaeus Alkaliphilus oremlandii putridiconchylium Acetitomaculum Acidomonas methanolica Actinomyces georgiae Alkaliphilus transvaalensis Aquaspirillum serpens Acetitomaculum ruminis Acidothermus Actinomyces gerencseriae Allochromatium Aquimarina Acetivibrio Acidothermus cellulolyticus Actinomyces Allochromatium vinosum Aquimarina latercula Acetivibrio cellulolyticus Acidovorax hordeovulneris Alloiococcus Arcanobacterium Acetivibrio ethanolgignens Acidovorax anthurii Actinomyces howellii Alloiococcus otitis Arcanobacterium Acetivibrio multivorans Acidovorax caeni Actinomyces hyovaginalis Allokutzneria haemolyticum Acetoanaerobium Acidovorax cattleyae Actinomyces israelii Allokutzneria albata Arcanobacterium pyogenes Acetoanaerobium noterae Acidovorax citrulli Actinomyces johnsonii Altererythrobacter Archangium Acetobacter Acidovorax defluvii Actinomyces meyeri Altererythrobacter ishigakiensis Archangium gephyra Acetobacter aceti Acidovorax delafieldii Actinomyces naeslundii Altermonas Arcobacter Acetobacter cerevisiae Acidovorax facilis Actinomyces neuii Altermonas haloplanktis Arcobacter butzleri Acetobacter cibinongensis Acidovorax konjaci Actinomyces odontolyticus Altermonas macleodii Arcobacter cryaerophilus Acetobacter estunensis Acidovorax temperans Actinomyces oris Alysiella Arcobacter halophilus Acetobacter fabarum Acidovorax valerianellae Actinomyces radingae Alysiella crassa Arcobacter nitrofigilis Acetobacter ghanensis Acinetobacter Actinomyces slackii Alysiella filiformis Arcobacter skirrowii Acetobacter indonesiensis Acinetobacter baumannii Actinomyces turicensis Aminobacter Arhodomonas Acetobacter lovaniensis Acinetobacter baylyi Actinomyces viscosus Aminobacter aganoensis Arhodomonas aquaeolei Acetobacter malorum Acinetobacter bouvetii Actinoplanes Aminobacter aminovorans Arsenophonus Acetobacter nitrogenifigens Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Actinoplanes auranticolor Aminobacter niigataensis Arsenophonus nasoniae Acetobacter oeni Acinetobacter gerneri Actinoplanes brasiliensis Aminobacterium Acetobacter orientalis Acinetobacter haemolyticus Actinoplanes consettensis Aminobacterium mobile Arthrobacter Acetobacter orleanensis Acinetobacter johnsonii Actinoplanes deccanensis Aminomonas Arthrobacter agilis Acetobacter pasteurianus Acinetobacter junii Actinoplanes derwentensis Aminomonas paucivorans Arthrobacter albus Acetobacter pornorurn Acinetobacter lwoffi Actinoplanes digitatis Ammoniphilus Arthrobacter aurescens Acetobacter senegalensis Acinetobacter parvus Actinoplanes durhamensis Ammoniphilus oxalaticus Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus Acetobacter xylinus Acinetobacter radioresistens Actinoplanes ferrugineus Ammoniphilus oxalivorans Arthrobacter citreus Acetobacterium Acinetobacter schindleri Actinoplanes globisporus Amphibacillus Arthrobacter crystallopoietes Acetobacterium bakii Acinetobacter soli Actinoplanes humidus Amphibacillus xylanus Arthrobacter cumminsii Acetobacterium carbinolicum Acinetobacter tandoii Actinoplanes italicus Amphritea Arthrobacter globiformis Acetobacterium dehalogenans Acinetobacter tjernbergiae Actinoplanes liguriensis Amphritea balenae Arthrobacter Acetobacterium fimetarium Acinetobacter towneri Actinoplanes lobatus Amphritea japonica histidinolovorans Acetobacterium malicum Acinetobacter ursingii Actinoplanes missouriensis Amycolatopsis Arthrobacter ilicis Acetobacterium paludosum Acinetobacter venetianus Actinoplanes palleronii Amycolatopsis alba Arthrobacter luteus Acetobacterium tundrae Acrocarpospora Actinoplanes philippinensis Amycolatopsis albidoflavus Arthrobacter methylotrophus Acetobacterium wieringae Acrocarpospora corrugata Actinoplanes rectilineatus Amycolatopsis azurea Arthrobacter mysorens Acetobacterium woodii Acrocarpospora Actinoplanes regularis Amycolatopsis coloradensis Arthrobacter nicotianae Acetofilamentum macrocephala Actinoplanes Amycolatopsis lurida Arthrobacter nicotinovorans Acetofilamentum rigidum Acrocarpospora pleiomorpha teichomyceticus Amycolatopsis mediterranei Arthrobacter oxydans Acetohalobium Actibacter Actinoplanes utahensis Amycolatopsis rifamycinica Arthrobacter pascens Acetohalobium arabaticum Actibacter sediminis Actinopolyspora Amycolatopsis rubida Arthrobacter Acetomicrobium Actinoalloteichus Actinopolyspora halophila Amycolatopsis sulphurea phenanthrenivorans Acetomicrobium faecale Actinoalloteichus Actinopolyspora mortivallis Amycolatopsis tolypomycina Arthrobacter Acetomicrobium flavidum cyanogriseus Actinosynnema Anabaena polychromogenes Acetonema Actinoalloteichus Actinosynnema mirum Anabaena cylindrica Atrhrobacter protophormiae Acetonema longum hymeniacidonis Actinotalea Anabaena flos-aquae Arthrobacter Acetothermus Actinoalloteichus spitiensis Actinotalea fermentans Anabaena variabilis psychrolactophilus Acetothermus paucivorans Actinobaccillus Aerococcus Anaeroarcus Arthrobacter ramosus Acholeplasma Actinobacillus capsulatus Aerococcus sanguinicola Anaeroarcus burkinensis Arthrobacter sulfonivorans Acholeplasma axanthum Actinobacillus delphinicola Aerococcus urinae Anaerobaculum Arthrobacter sulfureus Acholeplasma brassicae Actinobacillus hominis Aerococcus urinaeequi Anaerobaculum mobile Arthrobacter uratoxydans Acholeplasma cavigenitalium Actinobacillus indolicus Aerococcus urinaehominis Anaerobiospirillum Arthrobacter ureafaciens Acholeplasma equifetale Actinobacillus lignieresii Aerococcus viridans Anaerobiospirillum Arthrobacter viscosus Acholeplasma granularum Actinobacillus minor Aeromicrobium succiniciproducens Arthrobacter woluwensis Acholeplasma hippikon Actinobacillus muris Aeromicrobium erythreum Anaerobiospirillum thomasii Asaia Acholeplasma laidlawii Actinobacillus Aeromonas Anaerococcus Asaia bogorensis Acholeplasma modicum pleuropneumoniae Aeromonas Anaerococcus hydrogenalis Asanoa Acholeplasma morum Actinobacillus porcinus allosaccharophila Anaerococcus lactolyticus Asanoa ferruginea Acholeplasma multilocale Actinobacillus rossii Aeromonas bestiarum Anaerococcus prevotii Asticcacaulis Acholeplasma oculi Actinobacillus scotiae Aeromonas caviae Anaerococcus tetradius Asticcacaulis biprosthecium Acholeplasma palmae Actinobacillus seminis Aeromonas encheleia Anaerococcus vaginalis Asticcacaulis excentricus Acholeplasma parvum Actinobacillus succinogenes Aeromonas Anaerofustis Atopobacter Acholeplasma pleciae Actinobaccillus suis enteropelogenes Anaerofustis stercorihominis Atopobacter phocae Acholeplasma vituli Actinobacillus ureae Aeromonas eucrenophila Anaeromusa Atopobium Achromobacter Actinobaculum Aeromonas ichthiosmia Anaeromusa acidaminophila Atopobium fossor Achromobacter denitrificans Actinobaculum massiliense Aeromonas jandaei Anaeromyxobacter Atopobium minutum Achromobacter insolitus Actinobaculum schaalii Aeromonas media Anaeromyxobacter Atopobium parvulum Achromobacter piechaudii Actinobaculum suis Aeromonas popoffii dehalogenans Atopobium rimae Achromobacter ruhlandii Actinomyces urinale Aeromonas sobria Anaerorhabdus Atopobium vaginae Achromobacter spanius Actinocatenispora Aeromonas veronii Anaerorhabdus furcosa Aureobacterium Acidaminobacter Actinocatenispora rupis Agrobacterium Anaerosinus Aureobacterium barkeri Acidaminobacter Actinocatenispora Agrobacterium Anaerosinus glycerini Aurobacterium hydrogenoformans thailandica gelatinovorum Anaerovirgula Aurobacterium liquefaciens Acidaminococcus Actinocatenispora sera Agrococcus Anaerovirgula multivorans Avibacterium Acidaminococcus fermentans Actinocorallia Agrococcus citreus Ancalomicrobium Avibacterium avium Acidaminococcus intestini Actinocorallia aurantiaca Agrococcus jenensis Ancalomicrobium adetum Avibacterium gallinarum Acidicaldus Actinocorallia aurea Agromonas Ancylobacter Avibacterium paragallinarum Acidicaldus organivorans Actinocorallia cavernae Agromonas oligotrophica Ancylobacter aquaticus Avibacterium volantium Acidimicrobium Actinocorallia glomerata Agromyces Aneurinibacillus Azoarcus Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans Actinocorallia herbida Agromyces fucosus Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus Azoarcus indigens Acidiphilium Actinocorallia libanotica Agromyces hippuratus Aneurinibacillus migulanus Azoarcus tolulyticus Acidiphilium acidophilum Actinocorallia longicatena Agromyces luteolus Aneurinibacillus Azoarcus toluvorans Acidiphilium angustum Actinomadura Agromyces mediolanus thermoaerophilus Azohydromonas Acidiphilium cryptum Actinomadura alba Agromyces ramosus Angiococcus Azohydromonas australica Acidiphilium multivorum Actinomadura atramentaria Agromyces rhizospherae Angiococcus disciformis Azohydromonas lata Acidiphilium organovorum Actinomadura Akkermansia Angulomicrobium Azomonas Acidiphilium rubrum bangladeshensis Akkermansia muciniphila Angulomicrobium tetraedrale Azomonas agilis Acidisoma Actinomadura catellatispora Albidiferax Anoxybacillus Azomonas insignis Acidisoma sibiricum Actinomadura chibensis Albidiferax ferrireducens Anoxybacillus pushchinoensis Azomonas macrocytogenes Acidisoma tundrae Actinomadura chokoriensis Albidovulum Aquabacterium Azorhizobium Acidisphaera Actinomadura citrea Albidovulum inexpectatum Aquabacterium commune Azorhizobium caulinodans Acidisphaera rubrifaciens Actinomadura coerulea Alcaligenes Aquabacterium parvum Azorhizophilus Acidithiobacillus Actinomadura echinospora Alcaligenes denitrificans Azorhizophilus paspali Acidithiobacillus albertensis Actinomadura fibrosa Alcaligenes faecalis Azospirillum Acidithiobacillus caldus Actinomadura formosensis Alcanivorax Azospirillum brasilense Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Actinomadura hibisca Alcanivorax borkumensis Azospirillum halopraeferens Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Actinomadura kijaniata Alcanivorax jadensis Azospirillum irakense Acidobacterium Actinomadura latina Algicola Azotobacter Acidobacterium capsulatum Actinomadura livida Algicola bacteriolytica Azotobacter beijerinckii Actinomadura Alicyclobacillus Azotobacter chroococcum luteofluorescens Alicyclobacillus Azotobacter nigricans Actinomadura macra disulfidooxidans Azotobacter salinestris Actinomadura madurae Alicyclobacillus Azotobacter vinelandii Actinomadura oligospora sendaiensis Actinomadura pelletieri Alicyclobacillus vulcanalis Actinomadura rubrobrunea Alishewanella Actinomadura rugatobispora Alishewanella fetalis Actinomadura umbrina Alkalibacillus Actinomadura Alkalibacillus verrucosospora haloalkaliphilus Actinomadura vinacea Actinomadura viridilutea Actinomadura viridis Actinomadura yumaensis Bacillus Bacteroides Bibersteinia Borrelia Brevinema [see below] Bacteroides caccae Bibersteinia trehalosi Borrelia afzelii Brevinema andersonii Bacteroides coagulans Bifidobacterium Borrelia americana Brevundimonas Bacteriovorax Bacteroides eggerthii Bifidobacterium adolescentis Borrelia burgdorferi Brevundimonas alba Bacteriovorax stolpii Bacteroides fragilis Bifidobacterium angulatum Borrelia carolinensis Brevundimonas aurantiaca Bacteroides galacturonicus Bifidobacterium animalis Borrelia coriaceae Brevundimonas diminuta Bacteroides helcogenes Bifidobacterium asteroides Borrelia garinii Brevundimonas intermedia Bacteroides ovatus Bifidobacterium bifidum Borrelia japonica Brevundimonas subvibrioides Bacteroides pectinophilus Bifidobacterium boum Bosea Brevundimonas vancanneytii Bacteroides pyogenes Bifidobacterium breve Bosea minatitlanensis Brevundimonas variabilis Bacteroides salyersiae Bifidobacterium catenulatum Bosea thiooxidans Brevundimonas vesicularis Bacteroides stercoris Bifidobacterium choerinum Brachybacterium Brochothrix Bacteroides suis Bifidobacterium coryneforme Brachybacterium Brochothrix campestris Bacteroides tectus Bifidobacterium cuniculi alimentarium Brochothrix thermosphacta Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Bifidobacterium dentium Brachybacterium faecium Brucella Bacteroides uniformis Bifidobacterium gallicum Brachybacterium Brucella canis Bacteroides ureolyticus Bifidobacterium gallinarum paraconglomeratum Brucella neotomae Bacteroides vulgatus Bifidobacterium indicum Brachybacterium rhamnosum Bryobacter Balnearium Bifidobacterium longum Brachybacterium Bryobacter aggregatus Balnearium lithotrophicum Bifidobacterium tyrofermentans Burkholderia Balneatrix magnumBifidobacterium Brachyspira Burkholderia ambifaria Balneatrix alpica merycicum Brachyspira alvinipulli Burkholderia andropogonis Balneola Bifidobacterium minimum Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Burkholderia anthina Balneola vulgaris Bifidobacterium Brachyspira innocens Burkholderia caledonica Barnesiella pseudocatenulatum Brachyspira murdochii Burkholderia caryophylli Barnesiella viscericola Bifidobacterium Brachyspira pilosicoli Burkholderia cenocepacia Bartonella pseudolongum Burkholderia cepacia Bartonella alsatica Bifidobacterium pullorum Bradyrhizobium Burkholderia cocovenenans Bartonella bacilliformis Bifidobacterium ruminantium Bradyrhizobium canariense Burkholderia dolosa Bartonella clarridgeiae Bifidobacterium saeculare Bradyrhizobium elkanii Burkholderia fungorum Bartonella doshiae Bifidobacterium subtile Bradyrhizobium japonicum Burkholderia glathei Bartonella elizabethae Bifidobacterium Bradyrhizobium liaoningense Burkholderia glumae Bartonella grahamii thermophilum Brenneria Burkholderia graminis Bartonella henselae Bilophila Brenneria alni Burkholderia kururiensis Bartonella rochalimae Bilophila wadsworthia Brenneria nigrifluens Burkholderia multivorans Bartonella vinsonii Biostraticola Brenneria quercina Burkholderia phenazinium Bavariicoccus Biostraticola tofi Brenneria quercina Burkholderia plantarii Bavariicoccus seileri Bizionia Brenneria salicis Burkholderia pyrrocinia Bdellovibrio Bizionia argentinensis Brevibacillus Burkholderia silvatlantica Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Blastobacter Brevibacillus agri Burkholderia stabilis Bdellovibrio exovorus Blastobacter capsulatus Brevibacillus borstelensis Burkholderia thailandensis Beggiatoa Blastobacter denitrificans Brevibacillus brevis Burkholderia tropica Beggiatoa alba Blastococcus Brevibacillus centrosporus Burkholderia unamae Beijerinckia Blastococcus aggregatus Brevibacillus choshinensis Burkholderia vietnamiensis Beijerinckia derxii Blastococcus saxobsidens Brevibacillus invocatus Buttiauxella Beijerinckia fluminensis Blastochloris Brevibacillus laterosporus Buttiauxella agrestis Beijerinckia indica Blastochloris viridis Brevibacillus parabrevis Buttiauxella brennerae Beijerinckia mobilis Blastomonas Brevibacillus reuszeri Buttiauxella ferragutiae Belliella Blastomonas natatoria Brevibacterium Buttiauxella gaviniae Belliella baltica Blastopirellula Brevibacterium abidum Buttiauxella izardii Bellilinea Blastopirellula marina Brevibacterium album Buttiauxella noackiae Bellilinea caldifistulae Blautia Brevibacterium aurantiacum Buttiauxella warmboldiae Belnapia Blautia coccoides Brevibacterium celere Butyrivibrio Belnapia moabensis Blautia hansenii Brevibacterium epidermidis Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Bergeriella Blautia producta Brevibacterium Butyrivibrio hungatei Bergeriella denitrificans Blautia wexlerae frigoritolerans Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus Beutenbergia Bogoriella Brevibacterium halotolerans Beutenbergia cavernae Bogoriella caseilytica Brevibacterium iodinum Bordetella Brevibacterium linens Bordetella avium Brevibacterium lyticum Bordetella bronchiseptica Brevibacterium mcbrellneri Bordetella hinzii Brevibacterium otitidis Bordetella holmesii Brevibacterium oxydans Bordetella parapertussis Brevibacterium paucivorans Bordetella pertussis Brevibacterium stationis Bordetella petrii Bordetella trematum Bacillus B. acidiceler B. aminovorans B. glucanolyticus B. taeanensis B. lautus B. acidicola B. amylolyticus B. gordonae B. tequilensis B. lehensis B. acidiproducens B. andreesenii B. gottheilii B. thermantarcticus B. lentimorbus B. acidocaldarius B. aneurinilyticus B. graminis B. thermoaerophilus B. lentus B. acidoterrestris B. anthracis B. halmapalus B. thermoamylovorans B. licheniformis B. aeolius B. aquimaris B. haloalkaliphilus B. thermocatenulatus B. ligniniphilus B. aerius B. arenosi B. halochares B. thermocloacae B. litoralis B. aerophilus B. arseniciselenatis B. halodenitrificans B. thermocopriae B. locisalis B. agaradhaerens B. arsenicus B. halodurans B. thermodenitrificans B. luciferensis B. agri B. aurantiacus B. halophilus B. thermoglucosidasius B. luteolus B. aidingensis B. arvi B. halosaccharovorans B. thermolactis B. luteus B. akibai B. aryabhattai B. hemicellulosilyticus B. thermoleovorans B. macauensis B. alcalophilus B. asahii B. hemicentroti B. thermophilus B. macerans B. algicola B. atrophaeus B. herbersteinensis B. thermoruber B. macquariensis B. alginolyticus B. axarquiensis B. horikoshii B. thermosphaericus B. macyae B. alkalidiazotrophicus B. azotofixans B. horneckiae B. thiaminolyticus B. malacitensis B. alkalinitrilicus B. azotoformans B. horti B. thioparans B. mannanilyticus B. alkalisediminis B. badius B. huizhouensis B. thuringiensis B. marisflavi B. alkalitelluris B. barbaricus B. humi B. tianshenii B. marismortui B. altitudinis B. bataviensis B. hwajinpoensis B. trypoxylicola B. marmarensis B. alveayuensis B. beijingensis B. idriensis B. tusciae B. massiliensis B. alvei B. benzoevorans B. indicus B. validus B. megaterium B. amyloliquefaciens B. beringensis B. infantis B. vallismortis B. mesonae B. B. berkeleyi B. infernus B. vedderi B. methanolicus a. subsp. amyloliquefaciens B. beveridgei B. insolitus B. velezensis B. methylotrophicus B. a. subsp. plantarum B. bogoriensis B. invictae B. vietnamensis B. migulanus B. boroniphilus B. iranensis B. vireti B. mojavensis B. dipsosauri B. borstelensis B. isabeliae B. vulcani B. mucilaginosus B. drentensis B. brevis Migula B. isronensis B. wakoensis B. muralis B. edaphicus B. butanolivorans B. jeotgali B. weihenstephanensis B. murimartini B. ehimensis B. canaveralius B. kaustophilus B. xiamenensis B. mycoides B. eiseniae B. carboniphilus B. kobensis B. xiaoxiensis B. naganoensis B. enclensis B. cecembensis B. kochii B. zhanjiangensis B. nanhaiensis B. endophyticus B. cellulosilyticus B. kokeshiiformis B. peoriae B. nanhaiisediminis B. endoradicis B. centrosporus B. koreensis B. persepolensis B. nealsonii B. farraginis B. cereus B. korlensis B. persicus B. neidei B. fastidiosus B. chagannorensis B. kribbensis B. pervagus B. neizhouensis B. fengqiuensis B. chitinolyticus B. krulwichiae B. plakortidis B. niabensis B. firmus B. chondroitinus B. laevolacticus B. pocheonensis B. niacini B. flexus B. choshinensis B. larvae B. polygoni B. novalis B. foraminis B. chungangensis B. laterosporus B. polymyxa B. oceanisediminis B. fordii B. cibi B. salexigens B. popilliae B. odysseyi B. formosus B. circulans B. saliphilus B. pseudalcalophilus B. okhensis B. fortis B. clarkii B. schlegelii B. pseudofirmus B. okuhidensis B. fumarioli B. clausii B. sediminis B. pseudomycoides B. oleronius B. funiculus B. coagulans B. selenatarsenatis B. psychrodurans B. oryzaecorticis B. fusiformis B. coahuilensis B. selenitireducens B. psychrophilus B. oshimensis B. galactophilus B. cohnii B. seohaeanensis B. psychrosaccharolyticus B. pabuli B. galactosidilyticus B. composti B. shacheensis B. psychrotolerans B. pakistanensis B. galliciensis B. curdlanolyticus B. shackletonii B. pulvifaciens B. pallidus B. gelatini B. cycloheptanicus B. siamensis B. pumilus B. pallidus B. gibsonii B. cytotoxicus B. silvestris B. purgationiresistens B. panacisoli B. ginsengi B. daliensis B. simplex B. pycnus B. panaciterrae B. ginsengihumi B. decisifrondis B. siralis B. qingdaonensis B. pantothenticus B. ginsengisoli B. decolorationis B. smithii B. qingshengii B. parabrevis B. globisporus (eg, B. B. deserti B. soli B. reuszeri B. paraflexus g. subsp. Globisporus; or B. B. solimangrovi B. rhizosphaerae B. pasteurii g. subsp. Marinus) B. solisalsi B. rigui B. patagoniensis B. songklensis B. ruris B. sonorensis B. safensis B. sphaericus B. salarius B. sporothermodurans B. stearothermophilus B. stratosphericus B. subterraneus B. subtilis (eg, B. s. subsp. Inaquosorum, or B. s. subsp. Spizizenr, or B. s. subsp. Subtilis) Caenimonas Campylobacter Cardiobacterium Catenuloplanes Curtobacterium Caenimonas koreensis Campylobacter coli Cardiobacterium hominis Catenuloplanes atrovinosus Curtobacterium albidum Caldalkalibacillus Campylobacter concisus Carnimonas Catenuloplanes castaneus Curtobacterium citreus Caldalkalibacillus uzonensis Campylobacter curvus Carnimonas nigrificans Catenuloplanes crispus Caldanaerobacter Campylobacter fetus Carnobacterium Catenuloplanes indicus Caldanaerobacter subterraneus Campylobacter gracilis Carnobacterium alterfunditum Catenuloplanes japonicus Caldanaerobius Campylobacter helveticus Carnobacterium divergens Catenuloplanes nepalensis Caldanaerobius fijiensis Campylobacter hominis Carnobacterium funditum Catenuloplanes niger Caldanaerobius Campylobacter hyointestinalis Carnobacterium gallinarum Chryseobacterium polysaccharolyticus Campylobacter jejuni Carnobacterium Chryseobacterium Caldanaerobius zeae Campylobacter lari maltaromaticum balustinum Caldanaerovirga Campylobacter mucosalis Carnobacterium mobile Citrobacter Caldanaerovirga acetigignens Campylobacter rectus Carnobacterium viridans C. amalonaticus Caldicellulosiruptor Campylobacter showae Caryophanon C. braakii Caldicellulosiruptor bescii Campylobacter sputorum Caryophanon latum C. diversus Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii Campylobacter upsaliensis Caryophanon tenue C. farmeri Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis Capnocytophaga Catellatospora C. freundii Capnocytophaga canimorsus Catellatospora citrea C. gillenii Capnocytophaga cynodegmi Catellatospora C. koseri Capnocytophaga gingivalis methionotrophica C. murliniae Capnocytophaga granulosa Catenococcus C. pasteurii ^([1]) Capnocytophaga haemolytica Catenococcus thiocycli C. rodentium Capnocytophaga ochracea C. sedlakii Capnocytophaga sputigena C. werkmanii C. youngae Clostridium (see below) Coccochloris Coccochloris elabens Corynebacterium Corynebacterium flavescens Corynebacterium variabile Clostridium Clostridium absonum, Clostridium aceticum, Clostridium acetireducens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium acidisoli, Clostridium aciditolerans, Clostridium acidurici, Clostridium aerotolerans, Clostridium aestuarii, Clostridium akagii, Clostridium aldenense, Clostridium aldrichii, Clostridium algidicarni, Clostridium algidixylanolyticum, Clostridium algifaecis, Clostridium algoriphilum, Clostridium alkalicellulosi, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium aminovalericum, Clostridium amygdalinum, Clostridium amylolyticum, Clostridium arbusti, Clostridium arcticum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium asparagiforme, Clostridium aurantibutyricum, Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium barkeri, Clostridium bartlettii, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium bolteae, Clostridium bornimense, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium bowmanii, Clostridium bryantii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium caenicola, Clostridium caminithermale, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Clostridium carnis, Clostridium cavendishii, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium celerecrescens, Clostridium cellobioparum, Clostridium cellulofermentans, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Clostridium cellulosi, Clostridium cellulovorans, Clostridium chartatabidum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium chromiireducens, Clostridium citroniae, Clostridium clariflavum, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium colletant, Clostridium colicanis, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium collagenovorans, Clostridium cylindrosporum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium diolis, Clostridium disporicum, Clostridium drakei, Clostridium durum, Clostridium estertheticum, Clostridium estertheticum estertheticum, Clostridium estertheticum laramiense, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium fervidum, Clostridium fimetarium, Clostridium formicaceticum, Clostridium frigidicarnis, Clostridium frigoris, Clostridium ganghwense, Clostridium gasigenes, Clostridium ghonii, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum, Clostridium grantii, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium halophilum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium hathewayi, Clostridium herbivorans, Clostridium hiranonis, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium homopropionicum, Clostridium huakuii, Clostridium hungatei, Clostridium hydrogeniformans, Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum, Clostridium hylemonae, Clostridium jejuense, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium intestinale, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium isatidis, Clostridium josui, Clostridium kluyveri, Clostridium lactatifermentans, Clostridium lacusfryxellense, Clostridium laramiense, Clostridium lavalense, Clostridium lentocellum, Clostridium lentoputrescens, Clostridium leptum, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium litorale, Clostridium lituseburense, Clostridium ljungdahlii, Clostridium lortetii, Clostridium lundense, Clostridium magnum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium mangenotii, Clostridium mayombei, Clostridium methoxybenzovorans, Clostridium methylpentosum, Clostridium neopropionicum, Clostridium nexile, Clostridium nitrophenolicum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oceanicum, Clostridium orbiscindens, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium oxalicum, Clostridium papyrosolvens, Clostridium paradoxum, Clostridium paraperfringens (Alias: C. welchii), Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium pascui, Clostridium pasteurianum, Clostridium peptidivorans, Clostridium perenne, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium pfennigii, Clostridium phytofermentans, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium polysaccharolyticum, Clostridium populeti, Clostridium propionicum, Clostridium proteoclasticum, Clostridium proteolyticum, Clostridium psychrophilum, Clostridium puniceum, Clostridium purinilyticum, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium quercicolum, Clostridium quinii, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium rectum, Clostridium roseum, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Clostridium saccharolyticum, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scatologenes, Clostridium schirmacherense, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium sporosphaeroides, Clostridium stercorarium, Clostridium stercorarium leptospartum, Clostridium stercorarium stercorarium, Clostridium stercorarium thermolacticum, Clostridium sticklandii, Clostridium straminisolvens, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium sufflavum, Clostridium sulfidigenes, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tagluense, Clostridium tepidiprofundi, Clostridium termitidis, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium tetanomorphum, Clostridium thermaceticum, Clostridium thermautotrophicum, Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum, Clostridium thermobutyricum, Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium thermocopriae, Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Clostridium thermolacticum, Clostridium thermopalmarium, Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum, Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, Clostridium thermosuccinogenes, Clostridium thermosulfurigenes, Clostridium thiosulfatireducens, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Clostridium uliginosum, Clostridium ultunense, Clostridium villosum, Clostridium vincentii, Clostridium viride, Clostridium xylanolyticum, Clostridium xylanovorans Dactylosporangium Deinococcus Delftia Echinicola Dactylosporangium aurantiacum Deinococcus aerius Delftia acidovorans Echinicola pacifica Dactylosporangium fulvum Deinococcus apachensis Desulfovibrio Echinicola vietnamensis Dactylosporangium matsuzakiense Deinococcus aquaticus Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Dactylosporangium roseum Deinococcus aquatilis Diplococcus Dactylosporangium thailandense Deinococcus caeni Diplococcus pneumoniae Dactylosporangium vinaceum Deinococcus radiodurans Deinococcus radiophilus Enterobacter Enterobacter kobei Faecalibacterium Flavobacterium E. aerogenes E. ludwigii Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Flavobacterium antarcticum E. amnigemis E. mori Fangia Flavobacterium aquatile E. agglomerans E. nimipressuralis Fangia hongkongensis Flavobacterium aquidurense E. arachidis E. oryzae Fastidiosipila Flavobacterium balustinum E. asburiae E. pulveris Fastidiosipila sanguinis Flavobacterium croceum E. cancerogenous E. pyrinus Fusobacterium Flavobacterium cucumis E. cloacae E. radicincitans Fusobacterium nucleatum Flavobacterium daejeonense E. cowanii E. taylorae Flavobacterium defluvii E. dissolvens E. turicensis Flavobacterium degerlachei E. gergoviae E. sakazakii Enterobacter soli Flavobacterium E. helveticus Enterococcus denitrificans E. hormaechei Enterococcus durans Flavobacterium filum E. intermedius Enterococcus faecalis Flavobacterium flevense Enterococcus faecium Flavobacterium frigidarium Erwinia Flavobacterium mizutaii Erwinia hapontici Flavobacterium Escherichia okeanokoites Escherichia coli Gaetbulibacter Haemophilus Ideonella Janibacter Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis Hlaemophilus aegyptius Ideonella azotifigens Janibacter anophelis Gallibacterium Hlaemophilus aphrophilus Idiomarina Janibacter corallicola Gallibacterium anatis Haemophilus felis Idiomarina abyssalis Janibacter limosus Gallicola Haemophilus gallinarum Idiomarina baltica Janibacter melonis Gallicola barnesae Haemophilus haemolyticus Idiomarina fontislapidosi Janibacter terrae Garciella Haemophilus influenzae Idiomarina loihiensis Jannaschia Garciella nitratireducens Haemophilus paracuniculus Idiomarina ramblicola Jannaschia cystaugens Geobacillus Haemophilus parahaemolyticus Idiomarina seosinensis Jannaschia helgolandensis Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius Haemophilus parainfluenzae Idiomarina zobellii Jannaschia pohangensis Geobacillus stearothermophilus Haemophilus Ignatzschineria Jannaschia rubra Geobacter paraphrohaemolyticus Ignatzschineria larvae Geobacter bemidjiensis Haemophilus parasuis Janthinobacterium Geobacter bremensis Haemophilus pittmaniae Ignavigranum Janthinobacterium Geobacter chapellei Hafnia Ignavigranum ruoffiae agaricidamnosum Geobacter grbiciae Hafnia alvei Ilumatobacter Janthinobacterium lividum Geobacter hydrogenophilus Hahella Ilumatobacter fluminis Jejuia Geobacter lovleyi Hahella ganghwensis Ilyobacter Jejuia pallidilutea Geobacter metallireducens Halalkalibacillus Ilyobacter delafieldii Jeotgalibacillus Geobacter pelophilus Halalkalibacillus halophilus Ilyobacter insuetus Jeotgalibacillus Geobacter pickeringii Helicobacter Ilyobacter polytropus alimentarius Geobacter sulfurreducens Helicobacter pylori Ilyobacter tartaricus Jeotgalicoccus Geodermatophilus Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans Geodermatophilus obscurus Gluconacetobacter Gluconacetobacter xylinus Gordonia Gordonia rubripertincta Kaistia Labedella Listeria ivanovii Micrococcus Nesterenkonia Kaistia adipata Labedella gwakjiensis L. marthii Micrococcus luteus Nesterenkonia holobia Kaistia soli Labrenzia L. monocytogenes Micrococcus lylae Nocardia Kangiella Labrenzia aggregata L. newyorkensis Moraxella Nocardia argentinensis Kangiella aquimarina Labrenzia alba L. riparia Moraxella bovis Nocardia corallina Kangiella koreensis Labrenzia alexandrii L. rocourtiae Moraxella nonliquefaciens Nocardia Labrenzia marina L. seeligeri Moraxella osloensis otitidiscaviarum Kerstersia Labrys L. weihenstephanensis Nakamurella Kerstersia gyiorum Labrys methylaminiphilus L. welshimeri Nakamurella multipartita Kiloniella Labrys miyagiensis Listonella Nannocystis Kiloniella laminariae Labrys monachus Listonella anguillarum Nannocystis pusilla Klebsiella Labrys okinawensis Macrococcus Natranaerobius K. gramilomatis Labrys portucalensis Macrococcus bovicus Natranaerobius K. oxytoca Marinobacter thermophilus K. pneumoniae Lactobacillus Marinobacter algicola Natranaerobius trueperi K. terrigena [see below] Marinobacter bryozoorum Naxibacter K. variicola Laceyella Marinobacter flavimaris Naxibacter alkalitolerans Kluyvera Laceyella putida Meiothermus Neisseria Kluyvera ascorbata Lechevalieria Meiothermus ruber Neisseria cinerea Kocuria Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes Methylophilus Neisseria denitrificans Kocuria roasea Legionella Methylophilus methylotrophus Neisseria gonorrhoeae Kocuria varians [see below] Microbacterium Neisseria lactamica Kurthia Listeria Microbacterium Neisseria mucosa Kurthia zopfii L. aquatica ammoniaphilum Neisseria sicca L. booriae Microbacterium arborescens Neisseria subflava L. cornellensis Microbacterium liquefaciens Neptunomonas L. fleischmannii Microbacterium oxydans Neptunomonas japonica L. floridensis L. grandensis L. grayi L. innocua Lactobacillus L. acetotolerans L. catenaformis L. mali L. parakefiri L. sakei L. acidifarinae L. ceti L. manihotivorans L. paralimentarius L. salivarius L. acidipiscis L. coleohominis L. mindensis L. paraplantarum L. sanfranciscensis L. acidophilus L. collinoides L. mucosae L. pentosus L. satsumensis Lactobacillus agilis L. composti L. murinus L. perolens L. secaliphilus L. algidus L. concavus L. nagelii L. plantarum L. sharpeae L. alimentarius L. coryniformis L. namurensis L. pontis L. siliginis L. amylolyticus L. crispatus L. nantensis L. protectus L. spicheri L. amylophilus L. crustorum L. oligofermentans L. psittaci L. suebicus L. amylotrophicus L. curvatus L. oris L. rennini L. thailandensis L. amylovorus L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus L. panis L. reuteri L. ultunensis L. animalis L. delbrueckii subsp. L. pantheris L. rhamnosus L. vaccinostercus L. antri delbrueckii L. parabrevis L. rimae L. vaginalis L. apodemi L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis L. parabuchneri L. rogosae L. versmoldensis L. aviarius L. dextrinicus L. paracasei L. rossiae L. vini L. bifermentans L. diolivorans L. paracollinoides L. ruminis L. vitulinus L. brevis L. equi L. parafarraginis L. saerimneri L. zeae L. buchneri L. equigenerosi L. homohiochii L. jensenii L. zymae L. camelliae L. farraginis L. iners L. johnsonii L. gastricus L. casei L. farciminis L. ingluviei L. kalixensis L. ghanensis L. kitasatonis L. fermentum L. intestinalis L. kefiranofaciens L. graminis L. kunkeei L. fornicalis L. fuchuensis L. kefiri L. hammesii L. leichmannii L. fructivorans L. gallinarum L. kimchii L. hamsteri L. lindneri L. frumenti L. gasseri L. helveticus L. harbinensis L. malefermentans L. hilgardii L. hayakitensis Legionella Legionella adelaidensis Legionella drancourtii Candidatus Legionella jeonii Legionella quinlivanii Legionella anisa Legionella dresdenensis Legionella jordanis Legionella rowbothamii Legionella beliardensis Legionella drozanskii Legionella lansingensis Legionella rubrilucens Legionella birminghamensis Legionella dumoffii Legionella londiniensis Legionella sainthelensi Legionella bozemanae Legionella erythra Legionella longbeachae Legionella santicrucis Legionella brunensis Legionella fairfieldensis Legionella lytica Legionella shakespearei Legionella busanensis Legionella fallonii Legionella maceachernii Legionella spiritensis Legionella cardiaca Legionella feeleii Legionella massiliensis Legionella steelei Legionella cherrii Legionella geestiana Legionella micdadei Legionella steigerwaltii Legionella cincinnatiensis Legionella genomospecies Legionella monrovica Legionella taurinensis Legionella clemsonensis Legionella gormanii Legionella moravica Legionella tucsonensis Legionella donaldsonii Legionella gratiana Legionella nagasakiensis Legionella tunisiensis Legionella gresilensis Legionella nautarum Legionella wadsworthii Legionella hackeliae Legionella norrlandica Legionella waltersii Legionella impletisoli Legionella oakridgensis Legionella worsleiensis Legionella israelensis Legionella parisiensis Legionella yabuuchiae Legionella jamestowniensis Legionella pittsburghensis Legionella pneumophila Legionella quateirensis Oceanibulbus Paenibacillus Prevotella Quadrisphaera Oceanibulbus indolifex Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus Prevotella albensis Quadrisphaera granulorum Oceanicaulis Pantoea Prevotella amnii Quatrionicoccus Oceanicaulis alexandrii Pantoea agglomerans Prevotella bergensis Quatrionicoccus Oceanicola Prevotella bivia australiensis Oceanicola batsensis Paracoccus Prevotella brevis Oceanicola granulosus Paracoccus alcaliphilus Prevotella bryantii Quinella Oceanicola nanhaiensis Paucimonas Prevotella buccae Quinella ovalis Oceanimonas Paucimonas lemoignei Prevotella buccalis Oceanimonas baumannii Pectobacterium Prevotella copri Ralstonia Oceaniserpentilla Pectobacterium aroidearum Prevotella dentalis Ralstonia eutropha Oceaniserpentilla haliotis Pectobacterium atrosepticum Prevotella denticola Ralstonia insidiosa Oceanisphaera Pectobacterium betavasculorum Prevotella disiens Ralstonia mannitolilytica Oceanisphaera donghaensis Pectobacterium cacticida Prevotella histicola Ralstonia pickettii Oceanisphaera litoralis Pectobacterium carnegieana Prevotella intermedia Ralstonia Oceanithermus Pectobacterium carotovorum Prevotella maculosa pseudosolanacearum Oceanithermus desulfurans Pectobacterium chrysanthemi Prevotella marshii Ralstonia syzygii Oceanithermus profundus Pectobacterium cypripedii Prevotella melaninogenica Ralstonia solanacearum Oceanobacillus Pectobacterium rhapontici Prevotella micans Ramlibacter Oceanobacillus caeni Pectobacterium wasabiae Prevotella multiformis Ramlibacter henchirensis Oceanospirillum Pianococcus Prevotella nigrescens Ramlibacter tataouinensis Oceanospirillum linum Pianococcus citreus Prevotella oralis Planomicrobium Prevotella oris Raoultella Planomicrobium okeanokoites Prevotella oulorum Raoultella ornithinolytica Plesiomonas Prevotella pallens Raoultella planticola Plesiomonas shigelloides Prevotella salivae Raoultella terrigena Proteus Prevotella stercorea Rathayibacter Proteus vulgaris Prevotella tannerae Rathayibacter caricis Prevotella timonensis Rathayibacter festucae Prevotella veroralis Rathayibacter iranicus Providencia Rathayibacter rathayi Providencia stuartii Rathayibacter toxicus Pseudomonas Rathayibacter tritici Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rhodobacter Pseudomonas alcaligenes Rhodobacter sphaeroides Pseudomonas anguillispetica Ruegeria Pseudomonas fluorescens Ruegeria gelatinovorans Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis Pseudomonas mendocina Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas tutzeri Pseudomonas syringae Psychrobacter Psychrobacter faecalis Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus Saccharococcus Sagittula Sanguibacter Stenotrophomonas Tatlockia Saccharococcus thermophilus Sagittula stellata Sanguibacter keddieii Stenotrophomonas Tatlockia maceachernii Saccharomonospora Salegentibacter Sanguibacter suarezii maltophilia Tatlockia micdadei Saccharomonospora azurea Salegentibacter salegens Saprospira Streptococcus Tenacibaculum Saccharomonospora cyanea Salimicrobium Saprospira grandis Tenacibaculum Saccharomonospora viridis Salimicrobium album Sarcina [also see below] amylolyticum Saccharophagus Salinibacter Sarcina maxima Streptomyces Tenacibaculum discolor Saccharophagus degradans Salinibacter ruber Sarcina ventriculi Streptomyces Tenacibaculum Saccharopolyspora Salinicoccus Sebaldella achromogenes gallaicum Saccharopolyspora erythraea Salinicoccus alkaliphilus Sebaldella termitidis Streptomyces cesalbus Tenacibaculum Saccharopolyspora gregorii Salinicoccus hispanicus Streptomyces cescaepitosus lutimaris Saccharopolyspora hirsuta Salinicoccus roseus Serratia Streptomyces cesdiastaticus Tenacibaculum Saccharopolyspora hordei Salinispora Serratia fonticola Streptomyces cesexfoliatus mesophilum Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula Salinispora arenicola Serratia marcescens Streptomyces fimbriatus Tenacibaculum Saccharopolyspora spinosa Salinispora tropica Sphaerotilus Streptomyces fradiae skagerrakense Saccharopolyspora taberi Salinivibrio Sphaerotilus natans Streptomyces fulvissimus Tepidanaerobacter Saccharothrix Salinivibrio costicola Sphingobacterium Streptomyces griseoruber Tepidanaerobacter Saccharothrix australiensis Salmonella Sphingobacterium multivorum Streptomyces griseus syntrophicus Saccharothrix coeruleofusca Salmonella bongori Staphylococcus Streptomyces lavendulae Tepidibacter Saccharothrix espanaensis Salmonella enterica [see below] Streptomyces Tepidibacter Saccharothrix longispora Salmonella subterranea phaeochromogenes formicigenes Saccharothrix mutabilis Salmonella typhi Streptomyces Tepidibacter thalassicus Saccharothrix syringae thermodiastaticus Thermus Saccharothrix tangerinus Streptomyces tubercidicus Thermus aquaticus Saccharothrix texasensis Thermus filiformis Thermus thermophilus Staphylococcus S. arlettae S. equorum S. microti S. schleiferi S. agnetis S. felis S. muscae S. sciuri S. aureus S. fleurettii S. nepalensis S. simiae S. auricularis S. gallinarum S. pasteuri S. simulans S. capitis S. haemolyticus S. petrasii S. stepanovicii S. caprae S. hominis S. pettenkoferi S. succinus S. carnosus S. hyicus S. piscifermentans S. vitulinus S. caseolyticus S. intermedius S. pseudintermedius S. warneri S. chromogenes S. kloosii S. pseudolugdunensis S. xylosus S. cohnii S. leei S. pulvereri S. condimenti S. lentus S. rostri S. delphini S. lugdunensis S. saccharolyticus S. devriesei S. lutrae S. saprophyticus S. epidermidis S. lyticans S. massiliensis Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus infantarius Streptococcus orisratti Streptococcus thermophilus Streptococcus anginosus Streptococcus iniae Streptococcus parasanguinis Streptococcus sanguinis Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus intermedius Streptococcus peroris Streptococcus sobrinus Streptococcus canis Streptococcus lactarius Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus suis Streptococcus constellatus Streptococcus milleri Streptococcus Streptococcus uberis Streptococcus downei Streptococcus mitis pseudopneumoniae Streptococcus vestibularis Streptococcus dysgalactiae Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus viridans Streptococcus equines Streptococcus oralis Streptococcus ratti Streptococcus Streptococcus faecalis Streptococcus tigurinus Streptococcus salivariu zooepidemicus Streptococcus ferus Uliginosibacterium Vagococcus Vibrio Virgibacillus Xanthobacter Vagococcus carniphilus Vibrio aerogenes Virgibacillus Xanthobacter agilis Uliginosibacterium gangwonense Vagococcus elongatus Vibrio aestuarianus halodenitrificans Xanthobacter Ulvibacter Vagococcus fessus Vibrio albensis Virgibacillus aminoxidans Ulvibacter litoralis Vagococcus fluvialis Vibrio alginolyticus pantothenticus Xanthobacter Umezawaea Vagococcus lutrae Vibrio campbellii Weissella autotrophicus Umezawaea tangerina Vagococcus salmoninarum Vibrio cholerae Weissella cibaria Xanthobacter flavus Undibacterium Variovorax Vibrio cincinnatiensis Weissella confusa Xanthobacter tagetidis Undibacterium pigrum Variovorax boronicumulans Vibrio coralliilyticus Weissella halotolerans Xanthobacter viscosus Ureaplasma Variovorax dokdonensis Vibrio cyclitrophicus Weissella hellenica Xanthomonas Ureaplasma urealyticum Variovorax paradoxus Vibrio diazotrophicus Weissella kandleri Xanthomonas Variovorax soli Vibrio fluvialis Weissella koreensis albilineans Ureibacillus Veillonella Vibrio furnissii Weissella minor Xanthomonas alfalfae Ureibacillus composti Veillonella atypica Vibrio gazogenes Weissella Xanthomonas Ureibacillus suwonensis Veillonella caviae Vibrio halioticoli paramesenteroides arboricola Ureibacillus terrenus Veillonella criceti Vibrio harveyi Weissella soli Xanthomonas Ureibacillus thermophilus Veillonella dispar Vibrio ichthyoenteri Weissella thailandensis axonopodis Ureibacillus thermosphaericus Veillonella montpellierensis Vibrio mediterranei Weissella viridescens Xanthomonas Veillonella parvula Vibrio metschnikovii Williamsia campestris Veillonella ratti Vibrio mytili Williamsia marianensis Xanthomonas citri Veillonella rodentium Vibrio natriegens Williamsia maris Xanthomonas codiaei Venenivibrio Vibrio navarrensis Williamsia serinedens Xanthomonas Venenivibrio stagnispumantis Vibrio nereis Winogradskyella cucurbitae Vibrio nigripulchritudo Winogradskyella Xanthomonas Verminephrobacter Vibrio ordalii thalassocola euvesicatoria Verminephrobacter eiseniae Vibrio orientalis Wolbachia Xanthomonas fragariae Vibrio parahaemolyticus Wolbachia persica Xanthomonas fuscans Verrucomicrobium Vibrio pectenicida Xanthomonas gardneri Verrucomicrobium spinosum Vibrio penaeicida Wolinella Xanthomonas hortorum Vibrio proteolyticus Wolinella succinogenes Xanthomonas hyacinthi Vibrio shilonii Xanthomonas perforans Vibrio splendidus Zobellia Xanthomonas phaseoli Vibrio tubiashii Zobellia galactanivorans Xanthomonas pisi Vibrio vulnificus Zobellia uliginosa Xanthomonas populi Zoogloea Xanthomonas theicola Zoogloea ramigera Xanthomonas Zoogloea resiniphila translucens Xanthomonas vesicatoria Xylella Xylella fastidiosa Xylophilus Xylophilus ampelinus Xenophilus Yangia Yersinia mollaretii Zooshikella Zobellella Xenophilus azovorans Yangia pacifica Yersinia philomiragia Zooshikella ganghwensis Zobellella denitrificans Xenorhabdus Yaniella Yersinia pestis Zunongwangia Zobellella taiwanensis Xenorhabdus beddingii Yaniella flava Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Zunongwangia profunda Xenorhabdus bovienii Yaniella halotolerans Yersinia rohdei Zymobacter Zeaxanthinibacter Xenorhabdus cabanillasii Yeosuana Yersinia ruckeri Zymobacter palmae Zeaxanthinibacter Xenorhabdus doucetiae Yeosuana aromativorans Yokenella Zymomonas enoshimensis Xenorhabdus griffiniae Yersinia Yokenella regensburgei Zymomonas mobilis Zhihengliuella Xenorhabdus hominickii Yersinia aldovae Yonghaparkia Zymophilus Zhihengliuella Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi Yersinia bercovieri Yonghaparkia alkaliphila Zymophilus paucivorans halotolerans Xenorhabdus nematophila Yersinia enterocolitica Zavarzinia Zymophilus raffinosivorans Xylanibacterium Xenorhabdus poinarii Yersinia entomophaga Zavarzinia compransoris Xylanibacterium ulmi Xylanibacter Yersinia frederiksenii Xylanibacter oryzae Yersinia intermedia Yersinia kristensenii

TABLE 2 Sequences Nucleic acid sequences herein are written in 5′ to 3′ direction; amino acid sequences are written in N- to C-terminal direction. SEQ ID NO: 1 (P10) TTTCAATTTAATCATCCGGCTCGTATAATGTGTGGA SEQ ID NO: 2 (BCD14) GGGCCCAAGTTCACTTAAAAAGGAGATCAACAATGAAAGCAATTTTCGTA CTGAAACATCTTAATCATGCGGTGGAGGGTTTCTAATG SEQ ID NO: 3 (gfp) ATGAGCAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTC SEQ IDs NO: 4 & 29 (example Expression Operating Unit, EOU) The EOU is (in 5′ to 3′ direction):- [SEQ ID NO: 4]-[promoter]-[TIS]-[GFP-encoding  nucleotide sequence]-[SEQ ID NO: 29] Where SEQ ID NO: 4 is GAATTCAAAAGATCTTAAGTAAGTAAGAGTATACGTATATCGGCTAATAA CGTATGAAGGCGCTTCGGCGCCTTTTTTTATGGGGGTATTTTCATCCCAA TCCACACGTCCAACGCACAGCAAACACCACGTCGACCCTATCAGCTGCGT GCTTTCTATGAGTCGTTGCTGCATAACTTGACAATTAATCATCCGGCTCG TATAATGTGTGGAA SEQ ID NO: 29 is GGATCCAAACTCGAGTAAGGATCTCCAGGCATCAAATAAAACGAAAGGCT CAGTCGAAAGACTGGGCCTTTCGTTTTATCTGTTGTTTGTCGGTGAACGC TCTCTACTAGAGTCACACTGGCTCACCTTCGGGTGGGCCTTTCTGCGTTT ATA SEQ ID NO: 5 (Example Shine Dalgarno Sequence) AAAGAGGAGAAA SEQ ID NO: 26 (Spacer sequence) CTTTGCCGCGCGCTTCGTCACGTAATTCTCGTCGCAA SEQ ID NO: 27 (Spacer sequence) GTTTGGCGATGGCGCGGGTGTGGTTGTGCTTCGGCGT SEQ ID NO: 28 (Spacer sequence) TGGGATGCCTACCGCAAGCAGCTTGGCCTGAA

TABLE 3 Anderson Promoter Collection SEQ ID Measured NO: Identifier Sequence^(a) Strength^(b)  6 BBa_J23119 TTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGC n/a  7 BBa_J23100 TTGACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTACAGTGCTAGC 1  8 BBa_J23101 TTTACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATTATGCTAGC 0.7  9 BBa_J23102 TTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTACTGTGCTAGC 0.86 10 BBa_J23103 CTGATAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGATTATGCTAGC 0.01 11 BBa_J23104 TTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATTGTGCTAGC 0.72 12 BBa_J23105 TTTACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTACTATGCTAGC 0.24 13 BBa_J23106 TTTACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAGTGCTAGC 0.47 14 BBa_J23107 TTTACGGCTAGCTCAGCCCTAGGTATTATGCTAGC 0.36 15 BBa_J23108 CTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGC 0.51 16 BBa_J23109 TTTACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGACTGTGCTAGC 0.04 17 BBa_J23110 TTTACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTACAATGCTAGC 0.33 18 BBa_J23111 TTGACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAGTGCTAGC 0.58 19 BBa_J23112 CTGATAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGATTATGCTAGC 0 20 BBa_J23113 CTGATGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGATTATGCTAGC 0.01 21 BBa_J23114 TTTATGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTACAATGCTAGC 0.1 22 BBa_J23115 TTTATAGCTAGCTCAGCCCTTGGTACAATGCTAGC 0.15 23 BBa_J23116 TTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGACTATGCTAGC 0.16 24 BBa_J23117 TTGACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGATTGTGCTAGC 0.06 25 BBa_J23118 TTGACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATTGTGCTAGC 0.56 aalso shown in the Anderson Catalog, see <http://parts.igem.org/Promoters/Catalog/Anderson>  bStrength is the Anderson Score (AS), e.g., a strength of 1 is a AS of 1. Reported activities of the promoters are given as the relative fluorescence of plasmids in strain TG1 grown in LB media to saturation. A suitable plasmid is EX-Ptet-S-rbsRFP-P ″RFP reporter″ as described at <http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_J61002>; insertion of a promoter element between XbaI and SpeI sites results in a RFP reporter. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for enhancing the yield of amplified copies of a first DNA construct in a population of Escherichia coli (E. coli) production strain cells, wherein the first DNA construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a Cas nuclease that is under the control of a promoter for controlling the expression of the Cas nuclease in the production strain cells, wherein the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence that is capable of binding to a repressor; wherein production strain cells comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding the repressor, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the repressor is a chromosomally-integrated sequence or comprised by a second DNA construct, and the amplified copies of the first DNA construct do not comprise the nucleic acid sequence encoding the repressor; the method comprising culturing the cells to allow replication of the first DNA construct thereby amplifying the first DNA construct in the cells and to allow expression of the repressor in the cells, wherein the promoter is repressed by the repressor in the production strain cells, whereby the yield of amplified copies of the first DNA construct is enhanced relative to the yield produced using a constitutive promoter having an Anderson Score (AS) of AS≥0.5 to control the expression of the Cas nuclease in the production strain cells, wherein the production strain cell does not comprise a crRNA or gRNA operable with the Cas nuclease to target and cut a chromosomal sequence of the production strain cell.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein enhancing said yield is by (a) reducing toxicity of the Cas in the production strain; (b) reducing mutation of the first DNA construct or production strain cell chromosomal DNA in the production strain; (c) promoting production cell viability during the amplification of the first DNA construct; and/or (d) reducing the occurrence of Cas cutting of production strain cell chromosomal DNA or of the first DNA construct.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the promoter that is capable of binding to a repressor has a strength less than the Anderson Score promoter BBa_J23108.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleotide sequence that is capable of binding to the repressor is a tetO or lacO.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the promoter is P_(LtetO-1), P_(LlacO-1) or a repressible homologue thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the repressor is a tetracycline repressor (TetR) or a lac repressor (LacR).
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the nuclease is Cas9.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nuclease is Cpf1.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the nuclease is Cas3 and the first DNA construct or cell encodes Cascade proteins that are cognate with the Cas3.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first DNA construct comprises one or more nucleotide sequences for producing crRNAs or gRNAs that are operable for Cas nuclease targeting in target host cells.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first DNA construct is comprised by a high copy number plasmid or phagemid.
 12. A method of making phage particles or non-self replicative transduction particles comprising amplified copies of a first DNA construct, the method comprising: (a) culturing a population of Escherichia coli (E. coli) production strain cells, wherein the production strain cells comprise: (i) the first DNA construct, wherein the first DNA construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a Cas nuclease that is under the control of a promoter for controlling the expression of the Cas nuclease in the production strain cells, and wherein the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence that is capable of binding to a repressor, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence encoding the repressor, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the repressor is a chromosomally-integrated sequence or comprised by a second DNA construct, and (iii) a nucleotide sequence that is inducible to produce phage coat proteins in the cells; wherein the cultured production strain cells express the repressor in the cells and replicate the first DNA construct to produce the amplified copies of the first DNA construct, wherein the amplified copies of the first DNA construct do not comprise the nucleic acid sequence encoding the repressor; and (b) inducing production of the phage proteins and causing packaging of the amplified DNA into phage particles or non-self-replicative transduction particles, and further isolating the phage or transduction particles, wherein the phage particles or non-self-replicative transduction particles are devoid of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the repressor.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising formulating the particles into a pharmaceutical composition for administration to a human or animal subject for treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition in the subject.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the particles are capable of infecting target host cells in the subject and transducing the cells with the first DNA construct, wherein the Cas nuclease encoded by the first DNA construct is expressed in the target host cells, wherein the Cas nuclease is operable with one or more crRNAs or gRNAs to modify a target sequence in the target host cells.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the Cas nuclease cuts the target sequence thereby killing the target host cells and treating or reducing the risk of the disease or condition.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the target host cells are bacterial cells selected from the group consisting of C. difficile, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, E. coli, H. pylori, S. pneumoniae and S. aureus cells.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the disease or condition is an E. coli infection.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the production strain cell does not comprise a crRNA or gRNA operable with the Cas nuclease to target and cut a chromosomal sequence of the production strain cell. 